Thursday, August 27, 2020

Background Essay -- essays papers

Foundation Data Warfare is characterized as, â€Å" the hostile and cautious utilization of data and data frameworks to deny, misuse, degenerate, or crush, an adversary’s data, data based procedures, data frameworks, and PC based systems while securing one’s own. Such activities are intended to accomplish points of interest over military or business adversaries† (Goldberg). Digital Terrorism is characterized as, â€Å"the unlawful utilization of power or brutality against people or property to scare or force a legislature, the non military personnel populace, or any portion thereof, in advancement of political or social goals in the overall system of PC as well as PC organizes that utilization the TCP/IP arrange conventions to encourage information transmission and exchange† (Doyle). The two definitions are not formal and are not the specific meanings of either two terms. The explanation behind this is there is no accurate definition that comprises data fighting or d igital psychological warfare. From these definitions above, we can infer that a digital fear based oppressor will utilize data fighting procedures to arrive at his objective. For instance, if the United States comprehends the framework that works the scud rockets of Iraq, at that point through Information Warfare (hacking/breaking) they could make the scud rockets futile. This secures the Untied States pilots on assaults of concoction or natural weapons of mass annihilation by diminishing the odds of the pilots really being destroyed. Data Warfare has been around since the making of the NSA. The primary machine that deciphered code was made by United States researchers and was calls the Fish. Nonetheless, the best progression in our innovation came when the United States took the Enigma machine fr... ...Psychological oppression Introduction. < http://www.survivalguide.com/cyber_terrorism_introduction.htm> [2002, October 16]. Deutch, J. (25, June 1996). Remote Information Warfare Programs and Capabilities. <http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/discourses/chronicles/1996/dci_testimony_062596.html> [2002, Sept12]. Ensor, D. Garrett, M. Smith M., and Williams, D. (February 20, 2001). FBI surveys 'grave' harm from most recent covert operative embarrassment. < http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/02/20/fbi.spy.impact/> [2002, October 16]. Goldberg, I. (December 2, 2000). Glossary of Information Warfare Terms. < http://www.psycom.net/iwar.2.html> [2002, October 16]. Johnson, D. (2001). PC Ethics. Prentice Hall, NJ. (November 2001) Cyber Protests Related to the War on Terrorism : The Current Threat. < http://www.nipc.gov/distributions/nipcpub/cyberprotests1101.pdf > [2002 September 12].

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Daisy Miller Essays - Daisy Miller, Winterbourne,

Daisy Miller Upon Winterbourne's arrival to Vevey, Switzerland, he had been laying on a recreation center seat, talking with an inquisitive young man when an ?excellent youngster,? Daisy Miller, drew nearer. After a concise chatter, the two masterminded a day's excursion to the Castle of Chillon and throughout the following scarcely any months anticipated gathering again in Italy. All through the story, Winterbourne attempts to descry Miss Miller's character and simultaneously question her notoriety for being a coquettish American young lady in the late nineteenth century. Henry James' renowned novelette, Daisy Miller, is an immortal story portraying what results from the insubordination of social traditions, overlooking counsel relating to one's notoriety, lastly standing up to the real world. From her first t?te-?- t?te with Winterbourne and until her last, Miss Miller opposes every single social custom appropriate in European culture. During Winterbourne's first prologue to Miss Miller, incredibly, she acknowledges his amazingly strong choice to make a trip to the Castle without knowing whether he was a good man. Later that equivalent night they met again in the nursery. She approached Winterbourne to take her out for a pontoon ride, however subsequent to picking up authorization from her mom, she concluded she would prefer not go if nobody would set up a whine about her accomplishing something so nonsensical. Winterbourne was disregarded to consider her impulses and odd type of coquetry. After their splitting, both consented to meet again in Geneva, Italy. When Winterbourne first showed up in Geneva, he got updates on Miss Miller's most recent capers from his entirely respectable auntie. During her stay in Geneva, her noble man culture was made out of ?about six of the ordinary Roman fortune trackers.? As an American young lady, she remained consistent with her own qualities in spite of the fact that she was in an outside land. Daisy Miller was unconscious of the social structure that relies upon sexual orientation and class persecution and she built up a notoriety for herself that would ruin her associations with upper society. By saving her American character, the discussion of Miss Miller's coyness and unladylike conduct spread all through Geneva and soon her notoriety had become greater than even she could deal with. One night while Miss Miller was with the organization of Winterbourne and Mrs. Walker, a dear companion, she educated her sidekicks that she would leave presently to meet Giovanni, an Italian fortune tracker and ?close companion,? for a walk. Winterbourne, realizing his protest would do nothing but bad, offered to in any event walk her to her companion so she would not be separated from everyone else so late around evening time. After perceiving that Giovanni was of terrible character, he scrutinized her buddy and promptly expressed that he would stay with her for the night. She answered truly, ?I have never permitted a man of honor to direct to me or meddle with anything I do.? Winterbourne again cautioned her of Giovanni and said that he was not the correct kind of man for her. She paid no notice to his recommendation and immediately joined Giovanni. Now, Mrs. Walker could take no more. She met the gathering in her carriage and asked Miss Miller to return home with her for purpose of her notoriety. In the wake of saying that she was mature enough to be out around evening time, Mrs. Walker gruffly expressed that Miss Miller was additionally mature enough to be discussed. Surprised, Miss Miller reacted by saying that, ?if this is ill-advised, than I am all inappropriate and you should surrender me.? With that, Mrs. Walker and Winterbourne left their uninformed companion to her friend Giovanni. Now, Miss Miller's dismissal toward her notoriety and her own prosperity cost her the regard of her own companions. The shock Miss Miller got from her companions was a severe shock that made her go up against the truth of her circumstance. She before long went to her last gathering at Mrs. Walker's home and was left without anyone else. Just because, Winterbourne saw that she was humiliated and embarrassed. Another occurrence happened one pre-fall night when Winterbourne meandered into a Roman Coliseum and shockingly discovered Miss Miller and Giovanni. He begged Miss Miller, not out of benevolence, yet just for her wellbeing, to get back because of a paranoid fear of getting

Friday, August 21, 2020

Catching On: Choosing One Way of Using Causal Analysis Essay Samples

Catching On: Choosing One Way of Using Causal Analysis Essay SamplesThe majority of causal analysis essay samples are written using conversational English, and when your students encounter this kind of essay, they might feel a little intimidated. In fact, sometimes it's not even enough to emphasize that your examples should be taken in context.Instead, you can emphasize the same basic descriptive sentence structures and examples in your own writing. These sorts of explanations are often more useful, and they make students feel like they're really listening to what you're saying rather than simply reading a text. This will also get them to engage with your material rather than simply absorb it passively.One way you can use examples from causal analysis essay samples is to show examples of natural phenomena or theories from various perspectives. For example, a large group of people can analyze a storm in the same way that a single individual can. It all comes down to perspective, which will serve to illustrate the point that nature may have a cause - as opposed to an effect.You can do this by starting with the simplest example possible. For example, a mosquito may lay eggs that hatch into maggots, and the problem can be solved by feeding the eggs. As you move on, you can mention the larger body of your points and ask your students to describe their own thoughts about the topic at hand. Of course, you don't want to get too far into it because that might confuse your students.However, if you're a visual learner, then this may work well for you. An example on how the simplest example can be generalized to fit a wider context can be very useful to students. But if you go overboard and try to force students to understand the basic logic of each point, you may be just putting your students off and distracting them. Let them be more self-directed, and they'll take in your material much more easily.But why should you complicate a dramatic situation? The answer to that is that some people need to hear logic put together. If a story isn't difficult enough to make logical sense of, it can make it difficult for your students to understand and process. And while they're being distracted by other students, you're trying to make sense of the lesson you're teaching.You don't want to make them wait, though, so if your students start to make additional problems, you should simply move on to another lesson. That way, they won't be paying attention to the larger situation in the class. And what better way to teach than with the resources you already have?The best thing you can do when reading causal analysis essay samples is to make sure they make sense, and to make sure they're presenting the material in the best way possible. You can make your job a lot easier with some creative thinking and a focus on practical knowledge.

Monday, May 25, 2020

Essay about Latchkey Children - 1035 Words

Latchkey Children Latchkey Children are children who return from school to an empty house because their parents are away working or their just left alone at home with little or no parental supervision. In todays society this is becoming more and more common due to the fact that in most households, both parents carry a job or career to support the family. Other names for Latchkey Children are children in self-care, children of working parents, unsupervised children etc. Leaving a child unsupervised after school can pose both positive and negative effects. According to the article Ranks of latchkey kids approach 7 million many children arent supervised by anybody. This is due to the fact†¦show more content†¦Children spend less than 20 percent of their time in school. What happens in the other 80 percent of their time is crucial to their development. According to the article (After-School Programs Alter Lives of At-Risk youth pg.1) When left unsupervised, children are most at risk between 3 and 6 pm. It is during these hours that children come home to an empty unsupervised home. According to the article, it is during these hours that children are more likely to commit or be victimized by crime; to smoke, drink or use drugs; to engage in premature sexual activity; or to get involved in gang-related activities. With the rising and unaffordable costs of after school day care, its obvious that the number of children being put at risk is on the rise, especially children who come from low socioeconomic households. Simply put, we need more funding for after school day care programs to ensure that the number of at risk children decreases. It is what these children do after school between the hours of 3 to 6 pm that affects their educational as well as their societal outcomes. According to this article Children who participate in after school programs show improvement in standardized test scores and decreased a bsenteeism and tardiness. We need to reach the children who come from low socioeconomic households and ensure them a fair chance in participating in after-school day care programs. From reading this article it is clear that childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Making Your Child A Latchkey Kid1343 Words   |  6 PagesEach day children across America go to school; education not only being a requirement, but a necessity of life. Yet when the school bell rings every afternoon, over four million children ages five to fourteen go home to no parental guardian (Olsen). These children are called latchkey kids; terminology first used in the 1940s during World War II, when women had to work because their husbands were deployed. Latchkey meaning the key to the house is often strung around the child’s neck or hidden underRead MoreProtective Environment And A Nurturing Environment982 Words   |  4 Pagesparent provide for an infant child? The characteristics of a nurturing parent are they are. Factors that impede a nurturing environment include latchkey children, marital strife and divorce, substance abuse, HIV/AIDS, and death. These factors can be damaging to children because these factors can greatly affect the mental state and alter their development into adulthood. Parents must bathed, change diapers, dress and feed their infant child because theirRead More3.08 Review and Critical Thinking815 Words   |  4 Pagesexplicit way. Neglect is when parents fail to take care of their child’s basic physical, emotional, disciplinary, and educational needs. Shaken Baby Syndrome is a form of child abuse, which occurs with startling frequency toward babies and very small children. SBS results when an infant is violently shaken, causing fractured bones, internal organ injuries, and severe brain damage. 2. What types of physical care must a parent provide an infant child? When a child is a newborn, a parent must batheRead More3.08 Critical Thinking Questions . Parenting Skills Essay examples879 Words   |  4 Pagesattentive to their childs physical and emotional needs , being able to trust their family to care for them and to love them. 2. How do children’s needs change as they grow through development stages from infancy to teen years? How do special needs children differ? During the infancy years a child will need you to do absolute everything for them. During toddler years a child may be able to communicate and do task like feeding themselves with a bottle , spoon , and cup . During elementary years a childRead MoreJob Satisfaction Is Essential For A Positive Effect On Children1258 Words   |  6 Pageshave always struggled to keep and hold onto employees. A major goal in preschool/daycare centers is hiring well balanced employees with education, care and compassion for young children. Enthusiasm, caring, motivation, and attention to detail are normal requirements in their everyday jobs for the benefit of the children and the employers. Job satisfaction and trying to keep employees highly motivated and productive is a key factor in preschool/daycare centers. In a preschool/daycare setting,Read MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is Defined As A Legal Term1435 Words   |  6 Pagesadult-committed crime and â€Å"age-related† crime. Adult related crimes are crimes that an adult would be punished for had they committed the crime. Adult related crimes are considered more serious and may include burglary, drug use, and murder. Sometimes children may get charged as adults depending on the severity of the crime. The only difference is the child does not receive a trial; they instead receive adjudication and later disposition and sentencing. Age-related crimes are acts that would not be punishableRead MoreThe Generational Differences Between The Generation X And Generation Y1661 Words   |  7 Pagesand abortion being legalized in 1973. This led to the generations low population numbers, approximately 46 million. Divorc e rates doubled in the 1960s-70s, and mothers were forced to work. That was the beginning of the nick name â€Å"latchkey kids†. This term referred to children coming home from school and no one being home. They were independent enough to feed and entertain themselves until the rest of the family arrived home, however they were bored and lonely. The lack of supervision during childhoodRead MoreGenerational Conflict in the Workplace1526 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude a little background on each of the two main generations involved. Generation X consists of approximately 55 million workers in North America. They were born between 1965 and 1980. It is generally accepted that Gen Xers are called the â€Å"latchkey children.† They are self-reliant and independent. They generally enjoy a casual and friendly work environment. They separate friends from family, and seek a balance between work life and family. Generation Y consists of approximately 80 million workersRead MoreMedia Needs to Have Self-Regulation Essay647 Words   |  3 Pagesthat there are some very successful regulations because there are rating on movies and video games, and the fact that there is a lack of mature content on television channels labeled â€Å"children’s† channels and during times when there may be more children watching other â€Å"regular† channels. However, even these are only transient successes. It is possible to release unrated movies, the only reason there are not so many is that very few cinemas will show unrated films. Furthermore, there is still matureRead MoreWorking With Families At Home And At School848 Words   |  4 Pageswith families is a privilege to this future school counselor. Family systems theory is the work of Ackerman (1959), Jackson (1965), Minuchin (1974), and Bowen (1978), (Newman Newman, 2015). This theory is use to learn and to understand problems of ch ildren at home and at school. This theory can be used to help Juan talk about his problem with his parents. This counselor will provide the opportunity to have a family session with Juan’s family. Juan is the only child; both parents are present in his

Friday, May 15, 2020

Stream of Consciousness Writing

Stream of consciousness is a  narrative technique that gives the impression of a mind at work, jumping from one observation, sensation, or reflection to the next seamlessly and often without conventional  transitions. Although stream of consciousness is commonly associated with the work of novelists including James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and William Faulkner, the method has also been used effectively by writers of creative nonfiction  and is often referred to as freewriting. The metaphor of the stream of consciousness was coined by American philosopher and psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology in 1890 and has been perpetuated to this day in the modern literature and psychology fields. Urgency and Presence in Stream of Consciousness Often used by creative writing teachers as a means to get the creative juices flowing for their students at the beginning of classes, a stream of consciousness writing exercises often ground writers in the presentness, the importance of a given subject or discourse. In creative fiction, a stream of consciousness may be used by a narrator to convey the thoughts or feelings going on in the head of a character, a writers trick to convince the audience of the authenticity of thoughts he or she is attempting to write into the story. These internal monologues of sorts read and transfer thought more organically to the audience, providing a direct look into the inner workings of a characters mental landscape. The characteristic lack of punctuation and transitions only furthers this idea of a free-flowing prose wherein the reader and speaker alike jump from one topic to the next, much like a person would when daydreaming about a given topic—one might start with talking about fantasy films but end up discussing the finer points of medieval costuming, for instance, seamlessly and without transition. A Notable Examplein Tom Wolfes Nonfiction Work Stream of consciousness writing isnt only for fictional works—Tom Wolfes memoir Electric  Kool-Aid Acid Test is packed full of beautiful, eloquent stream of consciousness which provides insight into the protagonists journey and story. Take this excerpt for example:   —Kesey has Cornel Wilde Running Jacket ready hanging on the wall, a jungle-jim corduroy jacket stashed with fishing line, a knife, money, DDT, tablet, ball-points, flashlight, and grass. Has it timed by test runs that he can be out the window, down through a hole in the roof below, down a drain pipe, over a wall and into thickest jungle in 45 seconds—well, only 35 seconds left, but head start is all that’s needed, with the element of surprise. Besides, its so fascinating to be here in subastral projection with the cool rushing dex, synched into  their  minds and his own, in all its surges and tributaries and convolutions, turning it this way and that and rationalizing the situation for the 100th time in split seconds, such as: If they have that many men already here, the phony telephone men, the cops in the tan car, the cops in the Volkswagen, what are they waiting for? why havent they crashed right in through the rotten doors of this Rat building-- In The Mythopoeic Reality: The Postwar American Nonfiction Novel, Masud Zavarzadeh explains Wolfes above use of stream of consciousness as the dominating narrative choice for this section of the nonfiction novel, saying the technical rationale for the use of such narrational devices in the nonfiction novel is the treatment of the subjectivity of the situation or person portrayed, as distinguished from the projected subjectivity (empathy) of the fictive novelist.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Capital Budgeting Essay - 1391 Words

Capital Budgeting Essay (Derived from Chapter 17: Long-Term Investment Analysis) Title: The Lorie-Savage Problem BUS 505 – Multinational Economics of Technology Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction – Lorie-Savage Problem 3 1.1 Thesis Statement 3 2.0 Supporting Research 4 3.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 6 References 7 1.0 Introduction – Lorie-Savage Problem The Lorie-Savage problem is a problem introduced in 1955 that addresses the issue in how to allocate capital (or resources) among competing investment opportunities with constraints on the available resources. (Lorie amp; Savage, 1955, p. 229) In defining this problem, Lorie-Savage structures it by outlining three separate scenarios: 1) Given the cost of†¦show more content†¦(Lorie amp; Savage, 1955, p. 234) Turns out this is an Integer Programming optimization problem as it has identified constraints with the end output being to either accept an investment (using the integer 1), or decline (using the integer 0). Since the Lagrange Multipliers are real values, this is more specifically classified as a Mixed Integer Programming problem. (Trick, 1998) Their research proved to be revolutionary as this strayed from the traditional accepted method in using IRR, and this research has evolved since. One example of this is demonstrated where Seymour Kaplan introduced the concept of applying the Generalized Lagrange Multiplier (G.L.M.) method with Integer Programming, using the Lorie-Savage problem as a basis for comparison, that found favorable results in the effectiveness of G.L.M. in producing optimal solutions using NPV to make investment decisions. (Kaplan, 1966, p. 1136) Building on this research was th e introduction of using genetic algorithms (GA) to solve capital budgeting problems in allowing financial analysts to find optimal investment combinations for various situations, such as the multiple tax-structures a company may encounter. (Berry amp; Manongga, 2006, p. 96) Expanding on the GA implementation was research conducted that incorporated fuzzy set theory on problems when investment parameters contained scant or vague information and therefore had great uncertainty. Xiaoxia Huang created a new meanShow MoreRelatedCapital Budgeting Scenarios Essay example886 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Budgeting Scenarios Shannan Coleman FIN/486 September 23, 2012 Sal Sadiq Capital Budgeting Scenarios Capital Budgeting: Proposal A – New Factory Proposal A is to build a new factory to decide if this would be a feasible move for the company they need to perform a net present value analysis. To do this they will only need to look at the incremental cash flows, which are as follows: 1. Initial investment of $10 million that will be the cost to build the new factory. 2. SalesRead MoreCapital Budgeting in Galaxy Science Centre Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Budgeting in Galaxy Science Centre Capital Budgeting encourages managers to accurately manage and control their capital expenditure. By providing powerful reporting and analysis, managers can take control of their budgets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate capital budgeting decision under Galaxy Science Centre (GSC), which is non-profit organization. The need for such an analysis emerges from the case that only provides general information concerning the impact of capital budgetingRead MoreEssay Capital Budgeting935 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Budgeting The city engineers presented city council members with two projects that require large capital outlays. However, the economic downturn makes implementation of both projects impossible with current budget restraints. Therefore, the city council decided to conduct a cost benefit analysis to determine the most cost effective project. While neither project met all the requirements, data analysis determined that Option B was the best choice. However, city engineers pushed backRead MoreCapital Budgeting Essay2618 Words   |  11 PagesCapital Budgeting Introduction Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating and selecting long-term investments that are consistent with the firms goal of maximizing owner wealth. A firm using capital budgeting, their goal is to see if there fixed income will cover itself for profit. Fixed incomes are things such as land, plant and equipment. When a firm using a machine to produce its good or service. They most of the time what the machine to produce the amount that they paid for the machineRead MoreCapital Budgeting Essay697 Words   |  3 PagesStrident Marks can utilize the capital budgeting to evaluate their proposed long-term investments. Once we have identified a list of potential investment projects, the next step in the process will be to estimate the expected cash flows and risk of each project. Based on these estimates, we can evaluate each project and decide which set of projects are the best for Strident Marks to undertake. The primary decision methods used to evaluate the projects will be payback, net present value, and internalRead MoreCapital Budgeting Case Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pages1 Capital Budgeting Problem MBA612, Dr. Schieuer By: Dean Anderson, Terry Sutton, Sawan Tamang, Karuna Mishra, 2 Capital Budgeting Process: Capital budgeting (or investment appraisal) is the planning process used to determine whether an organizations long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products, and research development projects are worth pursuing. It is budget for major capital, or investment, expenditures (SullivanRead MoreEssay on Capital Budgeting Summary2017 Words   |  9 PagesCapital budgeting is the process of evaluating a company’s potential investments and deciding which ones to accept. A company’s market value added (MVA) is the sum of all its projects’ net present values (NPVs). Basically, one can calculate the free cash flows (FCFs) for a project in much the same way as for a firm. When a project’s free cash flows are discounted at the appropriate risk-adjusted rate, the result is the project’s value. One difference between valuing a firm and a project is theRead MoreThe Cross Boarder Mov ements Of Good, Services And Resources1480 Words   |  6 Pages Question 1. In a short essay discuss why government have been liberalizing cross-boarder movements of good, services and resources. As we learned in the course international business is growing more and more for every year. Today 25% of all business is international business. This has almost forced countries and their governments to change the laws and regulations around cross boarder movement of goods, services and resources. As access is easier now for everyday costumers to international goodRead MoreCash Flow Estimation And Capital Budgeting933 Words   |  4 Pages Trident University Beverley Lionel Module 3 Case: Cash Flow Estimation and Capital Budgeting FIN 501 Strategic Corporate Finance Dr. Edward Kaplan May 21, 2017 ABC Golf Equipment Corporation Memo to the CEO, Mr. Hillbrandt To: The CEO, Mr. Hillbrandt From: Chief Financial Officer Date: May 21, 2017 Subject: Estimating Project Cash Flows Introduction If the manufacturer plans on using debt to finance the project, should the estimated project cash flows be changed to reflect theseRead MoreEssay about Capital Budgeting483 Words   |  2 Pagesoperating budget, and (d) the capital budgeting (Buchbinder Shanks,2007,p.226). Capital budgeting is the most expensive in contrast to the other budgets because the operating costs goes beyond the traditional calendar or annual budget. The capital budget is the most challenging for CEO’s to use as a control mechanisms. The challenge is to due to scare resources and the difficulty in forecasting funding requirements. According to Buchbinder and Shanks (2007), Capital Budgeting may be defined as the

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Global Business Marketing Opportunities

Question: Discuss about the Global Business Marketing Opportunities. Answer: Introduction: In the present scenario, Asian markets are witnessing higher rate of economic growth, which is creating a space for new investment opportunities within the markets therein. The well-recognised Asian companies such as Proctor Gamble as well as Nestle have started expanding their units in the international market since the year 2000. India and China has a great potential for investment pertaining to the MNCs of the western nations. These facts reflect that the Asian countries tend a good business relation among themselves as well as with that of the foreign countries (Kazuo, 2012). Taiwan is also emerges as one of the most successful regions of Asia from the economic perspectives (Lorencowicz Lorencowicz, 2013). The rates of economic growth in East and South Eastern Asia are quite strong, and have also witnessed a reduction in the level of poverty, which tends to bring about a rise in income, thereby leading to rise in consumption. It will lead to increase in the opportunities to set new industrial ventures, in turn facing the rising consumption demand. However, there have not been enough growth of opportunities for job in these regions, and so companies can create new job opportunities by opening their units therein. This also focuses on the need of setting new industries that will lead to emergence of BPOs along with the other industries maintaining a cordial and profitable relation among themselves (Rahman, Khatri Brunner, 2012). In the last 20 years, most of the nations of Asia had attained will grow at a range of 4-6 % for the next two decades (Farrington, 2007: 6). The emerging level of income of the people tends to create new demand for the products and services in the Asian nations. Asia has a countable number of developing nations with low level of research and development (R D) facilities. These bring about the need of technology transfer with complete assistance of Foreign Direct Investment. This indeed leads to the increased productivity and growth of the Asian economy in the global genre. This implies that western companies are having an opportunity to open units in Asia and enhancing their relationship therein (Knivilla, n.d.). The micro economic policies of Asian nations have helped a lot to keep the prices at a stable condition and have thereby increased the private consumption expenditure. This has necessitated the need for investment in the fields of education, durables, health care services an d automobiles. The FDI inflows are further attracted by the macroeconomic fundamentals of Asian nations. Nations such as Germany and UK are also found having a strong strategic alliance with Asian nations such as China (Xinhua, 2015). The educated work force of USA and presence of technological capabilities can be regarded as one of the benefits of the business houses therein. However, the problem of wage inequality coupled with social immobility can cause tension for smooth running of business in USA (Naranjo, 2014). The complex natures of institutional, legal and cultural structures are supposed to pose threat to the investors of USA, despite the presence of low entry barriers. Thus the relationship of business houses with USA seems to be somewhat troublesome. CNOOC, one of the giant energy companies of China withdrew the bid for the US Company Unocal after getting a threat of congressional scrutiny. The US governments decision regarding any business deal is also largely influence d by public opinion. This deviates away the tendency of investors to invest in USA (Moran, 2012). The nations belonging to the European Union (EU) have lost the potential of FDI to less than 20%.The sovereign debt crisis have made it impossible for many European nations to attract new investments ( Vetter, 2014). Clearly, it can be revealed that Asia is a market for new opportunities, while Northern America and Europe have reached a level of saturation that is forcing investors to invest in Asian nations and build a strong base there. The companies are trying to have a first mover advantage for investments in Asia, supported by the governments. The presence of new business opportunities has increased the business alliances of companies with Asia but the same does not apply to USA and Europe. Significance of International Strategy The Asian nations are showing a chance of great opportunities for companies to establish long-term business relations. To establish a firm base the companies of western nations have to adequately frame effective and competitive marketing strategies for surviving into the international market. They also have to develop strategies that can help in distinguishing their companies from their rivals. The need arises to understand the economic features of a particular nation such as income and psychographics among others to know the effective penetration strategies, which in turn benefits the countries in developing their uniqueness within the global scenario. The same applies to the case of the markets of Northern America and European Union (Doole Lowe, 2008: 34). Networks and Customer Relationship Management Networks play a very vital role in international marketing. Selection of proper networks assists in making the products of a business concern reach the consumers quickly. Selection of the proper channels of distributors, retailers, advertising agencies, call centres is some of the most effective means of a good network (Coviello Munro, 1995: 50). Customer relationship management (CRM) is largely connected with the maintenance of a cordial relationship with the customer that helps the organisations in creating a loyal customer base of their own. It also leads to the initiation of word-of-mouth or buzz-marketing and attracts new customers without any expenditure on promotion or advertisement (Chen Popovic, 2003: 672). The role of CRM also lies in the hands of the partners of the supply chain network. Efficiency of retailers, distributors, advertising agencies play a vital role in the effective penetration into a foreign market. The distributors of the existing market have a better knowledge of placing a product within the target market Besides, they are even aware of the techniques that needs to be implemented for dealing directly with the customers and for convincing them to purchase their products/services (Chen Popovic, 2003: 679 ). Considering the case of after-sales service, it can be said that opening a service centre o perated by the parent foreign company will be costlier than as compared to the scenario if it would have been operated by an agent. It will be much tedious for a new foreign company to do various activities at a time. The advertising agencies can help the companies to make effective advertisements, without violating the cultural norms and traditions of the new market in which the company will be expanding (Croxton, Dustugue Lambert, 2001: 14). Most of the companies now outsource the non-core activities of advertising, distribution and logistics to the efficient companies all round the world. The customer care division of companies is also maintained by outsourcing companies that deal with the grievances of customers by means of telephonic conversations or e- mail chats. Local distributors and retailers at times provide effective pricing and promotional strategies to the foreign companies. Thus, partnership with a proper channel partner bears a vital importance in effective CRM pert aining to international marketing. The focus has now been on implementing e-partnering strategies with the network members due to the increasing importance of e-CRM (Association of Modern Technologies Professionals, 2016). One classic example of network partnering is that of Dell with the International Software Distribution Company. It has enabled Dell to increase its market immensely in South Eastern Europe (American Chamber of Commerce in Romania, 2016). The key areas for effective CRM in the overseas market includes finding efficient supply chain management by means of local partnerships. The companies need to select the right dealers, distribution and channel network that will be appropriate for making the product available to the end users. The company has to decide whether to sell the product by a zero, two, three or four level channel. This depends on the nature of the goods and size of the market. Renowned and efficient dealers can efficiently make a new product reach the end users within a very short span of time. In case of overseas market the case of after-sales service should also be implemented to keep the customers satisfied. The next key area in case of overseas CRM is pricing policy and advertising. The pricing should be done at par with the purchasing power of the people. The selection of proper marketing channel will help in proper promotion of the product. In order to sustain in the market, the company has to underst and the culture, beliefs and traditions of the local people and design the product as per their needs. An effective market research is the first thing that a company must do before entering a market. It must analyse whether the demand for its products exists within the market or not, and whether the political, legal, social and ecological factors are in favour of the business and its product (Tradestart, n.d.). Challenges in Internationalisation in UK Faced by Calleija Calleija is one of the most reputed jewellery companies in the global market owing to its origin in Australia and founded by John Calleija. It produces unimaginable jewellery that reveals the excellent craftsmanship of the company (NewsLifeMedia, 2016). Aston Martin is a leading automobile manufacturer of Britain that was founded in the year 1914 by Lionel Martin, though its actual origin traces back to 1913 (Aston Martin, 2016). Calleija had made a partnership with Aston Martin to make outstanding collections of jewellery. The craftsmanship of the new partnership was supposed to be based on the One-77 car of Aston Martin. As the name suggests the car is made available only in 77 pieces and so the new pieces of jewellery is also made available in 77 pieces. The design of the jewellery is based on the extraordinary designs of the One -77 car, and these pieces were designed by John Calleija and the guidance was provided by the director of Aston Martin Marek Reichman that led to the des ign of a new gemstone called ASTAR (Calleija, 2016). However, despite such extraordinary efforts put on Calleija, it has faced problems in getting an effective hold of the market in United Kingdom. Callejia had also developed its market in UAE along with a physical store at the Old Bond Street of Mayfair in London. Online marketing techniques assisted by the traditional ways enabled Callejia to maintain a good relationship with its customers, and bring about an increment in their sale. However, the rules, regulations and laws of the nation were largely different from that of Australia. Callejia had to find out what was permissible as per the norms of UK. There was a system of red tape prevalent in the UK and it was difficult for the jewellery company to make a proper network (Fletcher Crawford, 2013). In response to this Callejia made contact with Austrade, which is an Australian government association to help the exporters of the nation help develop market outside. This body gave contacts of well known lawyers, business developers an d accountants within the boundaries of the UK. The company faced problems in creating awareness of its brand, and therefore it was believed that marketing is an ever-ending process that completed half of the business. It made contacts with a PR company that assisted Callejia in making ads on magazines, brochures and also on organized PR campaigns. Despite this the competition in the UK jewellery market appeared as hurdle to Callejia, and most of the jewellers had their shop at Old Bond Street, some as old as 150 years (Fletcher Crawford, 2013). One fact is that people of diverse cultures visited London, and some preferred to purchase British products as a sign of heritage and others preferred to buy products of multiple origins. In this way, the large nature of Londons market appeared as complex and challenging to Callejia. The presence of immense number of jewellery companies had made the market of London reach a saturation level. Callejia tried to make brand awareness of its products especially the pink diamonds. Again, the company came to know about the country of origin effect that was prevalent in UK at that time. People of UK preferred only those products, which were produced in UK. The people of UK had a disliking for Australian jewellery and technology (Fletcher Crawford, 2013: 666).Callejia tried to overcome this hurdle by stressing on the ethical manner by which the sourcing of gems are done, and used PR campaigns such as print media advertisements to overcome the issue and make brand awareness (Fletcher Crawfor d, 2013: 667). Country of Origin Effect Country of origin effect is connected with the perception that customers have after knowing the country, where a particular product has been made. Customers may develop a positive liking for a product after hearing about the country of origin or may develop a disliking for the same perspective. The concepts have gained popularity with the advent of globalisation over a period of 30 years. The emergence of the concept of country of origin effect can be traced back to World War I. The defeated nations such as Germany were forced to add a symbol of country of origin (COO) on the products that were made there (Rezvani, Dehkordi, Rahman, Fouladivanda, Habibi Eghtebasi, 2012: 206). The SME jewellery company such as Calleija had to suffer due to this effect. They were not accepted by the people as they preferred only products of British origin. After a hard PR campaign of ethical sourcing of its gems, Calleija was able to create an awareness of its products at least to some extent (Fletche r Crawford, 2013: 667). Figure: Pink Diamonds of Calleija (Source: Calleija, 2016) References American Chamber of Commerce in Romania. (2016) International software distribution, the new authorized dell software distributor for Romania, Bulgaria and the Adriatic Region, [Online], Available: https://www.amcham.ro/index.html/articles?articleID=2528 [22 Jul 2016]. Association of Modern Technologies Professionals. (2016) Supply chain management, [Online], Available: https://www.itinfo.am/eng/supply-chain-management/ [22 Jul 2016]. Aston Martin. (2016) Our company, [Online], Available: https://www.astonmartin.com/the-company [22 Jul 2016]. Calleija. (2016) Calleija Aston Martin, [Online], Available: https://www.calleija.com.au/aston-martin/the-partnership [22 Jul 2016]. 1Calleija. (2016). Beyond rare, [Online], Available: https://www.calleija.com.au/pink-diamonds/beyond-rare [22 Jul 2016]. Chen, I., J., Popovich, K. (2003). Understanding customer relationship management (CRM) people, process and technology. Business Process Management Journal, vol. 9, August, pp. 672-688. Coviello, N., Munro, H. (1995). Growing the entrepreneurial firm: networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, vol. 29, no. 7, July, pp. 49-61. Croxton, K., L., Dastugue, S., J., Lambert, D.M., Rogers, D., S. (2001). The supply chain management processes. The International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 12, no. 2, July, pp. 13-36 Doole, I. and Lowe, R. (2008). An introduction to international marketing. USA: Cengage Learning Farrington, J. (2006). Growth and poverty in Asia: Where next? Overseas Development Institute, June, pp. 1-52. Fletcher, R. and Crawford, H. (2013). International marketing: An Asia-Pacific perspective. Australia: Pearson Higher Education Kazuo, I. (2012) Doing business in Asia, [Online], Available: https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/12e074.pdf [22 Jul 2016]. Knivilla, M. (No Date) Industrial development and economic growth: implications for poverty reduction and income inequality, [Online], Available: https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/publications/industrial_development/3_1.pdf [22 Jul 2016]. Lorencowicz, H., Lorencowicz, E. (2013) Cultural differences and doing business in Asia and Europe an example of Taiwan and Poland, [Online], Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259214388_cultural_differences_and_doing_business_in_asia_and_europe_-_an_example_of_taiwan_and_poland [22 Jul 2016]. Marketing-Schools.org. (2012) Explore the strategy of global marketing, [Online], Available: https://www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/global-marketing.html [22 Jul 2016]. Moran, M. (2015) Hidden risks in North American foreign direct investment, [Online], Available: https://www.controlrisks.com/~/media/Public%20Site/Files/Whitepapers/Hidden%20Risks.pdf [22 Jul 2016]. Naranjo, A., M. (2014) Business opportunities and challenges for the U.S. in Latin America, [Online], Available: https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/july-2014/business-opportunities-and-challenges-for-the-us-in-latin-america [22 Jul 2016]. Rahman, K., Khatri, S., Brunner, H. (2012) Regional integration and economic development in South Asia. [Online], Available: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29871/regional-integration-economic-development-south-asia.pdf [22 Jul 2016]. Rezvani, S., Dehkordi, G., J., Rahman, M., S., Fouladivanda, F., Habibi, M., Eghtebasi, S. (2012). A conceptual study on the country of origin effect on consumer purchase intention. Asian Social Science, vol. 8, no. 12, September, pp. 205-215. Tradestart. (No Date) Key success factors, [Online], Available: https://www.tradestart.ca/success-factors [22 Jul 2016]. Vetter, S. (2014, August 21) Recent trends in FDI activity in Europe from, [Online], Available: https://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000340841/Recent+trends+in+FDI+activity+in+Europe%3A+Regaining.pdf [22 Jul 2016]. Xinhua. (2015, March, 18) News analysis: expert calls European nations' decision to join AIIB sound business sense, [Online], Available: https://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2015-03/18/content_35083770.htm [22 Jul 2016].

Tuesday, March 10, 2020

Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Essays

Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Essays Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Essay Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Essay Essay Topic: Literature A Cream Cracker Under the Settee is a monologue, which is a play with a single character. The character is Doris, a seventy five year old widow, who lives on her own. She has home help that visits once a week. In this monologue form, information is gradually revealed by the one character Doris. We find out shes had an unhappy life; eventually we find out why. Doris looks back nostalgically on her childhood and early marriage, the times in her life when she was truly happy. Something changed her life. At first the reader is unaware and even misled by Bennett. Doris describes Wilfred as dad, and thus he misleads the viewer into thinking there was a baby. We later find there was a baby, but it was a stillbirth. Doris didnt like the midwifes attitude when she wrapped the baby in newspaper then put it in a shoebox. Doris felt she was treating it like dirt. She says, He wasnt dirty, little thing. This could have been the start of Doriss hygiene obsession. Also, Wilfred did not help her much. Her husband wanted to get a dog instead. Her marriage wasnt great, Wilfred was a dreamer and frustrated Doris. Wilfred started little projects like an allotment, but never did anything with them, and then he moved onto something else. Doris still misses him though. We know this because she talks to the wedding photo, which also shows she is lonely. We know Doris has had an unhappy past: she is also having an unhappy present. There is an immediate problem. Doris has been dusting and had an accident, she hurt her leg and its getting worse. Part of Doriss unhappiness is her loneliness, she has no family and no friends: we were always on our own. Me and Wilfred. We werent gregarious. This is exacerbated because Doris hasnt moved with the times; she doesnt like change and new social patterns. Doriss main cause of unhappiness is her home-helper Zulema. She patronises Doris and keeps threatening her with Stafford House. Doris feels she is a prisoner, referring to the Zulema regime. All the information I have considered is gradually revealed to the audience using a number of dramatic techniques. Doris uses non-standard English, like thems her leaves. She also has a local dialect and uses words like squatting instead of placing. This establishes her character: she is probably working class but when she uses words like surreptitious and gregarious Bennett suggests she is quite clever. Bennett emphasises things about Doris by using recurrent themes. Doris has a hygiene obsession. She talks about cleanliness a lot and is prejudiced against people in Stafford House because she thinks they are unclean. She talks about her husband Wilfred frequently and speaks to the photo of him. Another technique Bennett uses is reported speech: this brings in other characters so the monologue is more interesting. An example of this is Zulema we form our impression of the character from what Doris tells us she says: youre on trial here. Sometimes Doris has an imagined conversation where she plans what shell say to Zulema: dont Stafford House me. Doris does this because she would like to say it, but really she wouldnt dare. Bennett also uses direct address where she speaks to the audience. She says, Would you credit it? This is to get more involvement from the viewers. A cream cracker under the settee was written for television, so it uses a number of dramatic techniques to do with performance. These include, set, costume, lighting and music. The set gives the audience important information at the start of the monologue about the character and the plot. The set is old fashioned. The carpet is brown and beige and patterned, the room is dull with few ornaments, and this could mean she is poor. Right away you can tell something has happened: there is a buffet on its side and a cracked photo on the hearth, and Doris has a duster in her hand. The costume used is old fashioned which reflects Doris. She has a blue floral frock which she says shes had for years. She wears a pink knitted cardigan, horned rimmed glasses and tights. All these are very practical clothes. Another technique used in the performance is the lighting. In the morning Doris is sitting in front of the window and she is backlit. When she is against the sideboard she is away from the window so it is less bright. Doris later moves to the door where it is darker still. In the evening she is sat by the sofa and the room is orange due to the streetlights. There are two dramatic functions of the lighting. One of them is to indicate the passage of time. Doris does not tell the viewer what time it is. The second is as a metaphor: the last stage direction is light fades, and this could indicate Doriss death. The last two dramatic techniques of the performance are the use of music and the camera. At the start the music sounds sad and lonely this sets the mood straight away as it is depressing. The instruments are piano and brass, solo instruments that are alone, like Doris. There is a single camera which is linked to the music, zooming in to emphasise emotional moments. The camera does not move around Doris so any movement is effective.

Sunday, February 23, 2020

Reasons for Falling of Students Proficiency Rates and the Resource Assignment

Reasons for Falling of Students Proficiency Rates and the Resource Depletion in the Computation of GDP - Assignment Example Also, I think another reason would be that even if federal funds to be allocated are substantially big when it is divided among numerous public schools all over the country, the end amount may be considerably small already. It may be so small that it is already insufficient to have any bearing on the improvement of proficiency rates. To address this, the act intends to focus on those schools that need the funds more. This is the very reason why there are conditions imposed. To increase the funds of schools with satisfactory student proficiency rates would be a waste of resources. It would have the effect of increasing the already high proficiency rate or some, leaving those with low proficiency rates behind. In my opinion, forest resources are to be considered as capital. Trees in the forest provide a lot of benefits, especially in the environment. And I recognize the fact that it is very important to keep a growing forest. However, prior to being cut down, trees cannot be considered as a product.   For me, trees that are still part of the forest cannot be considered as consumption or as an export for the computation of GDP. Nor can they be considered as an investment because there is no spending involved.Hence, if forest resources are capital, its depletion should be considered as depreciation in the capital. "Gross" means that capital depreciation is not considered or subtracted in the equation of GDP. Otherwise, we come up with the Net Domestic Product. As to whether or not an increase in forest resources should be added to GDP, in my opinion, the answer is no. As previously stated, I believe forest reserves are merely capital. As such, decrease or increase in the number of trees in our forest must be considered as a capital loss or gain - which is considered in the computation of NDP, not GDP. I believe that to add it to GDP would cause inaccuracy. The trees, if not cut down would not result in an actual commercial gain.  

Thursday, February 6, 2020

Market Research and Business Plan of Apple Essay

Market Research and Business Plan of Apple - Essay Example The essay "Market Research and Business Plan of Apple" presents a plan for an innovative edition of laptops from Apple Inc. The underlying report accounts the performance of tablets of Apple Inc. and its immediate rivals going head to head in competition as current market revolves around it. Assessing market trend and performance with the latest tablet invasion is also very difficult as a large number of companies have landed in with their versions. Tablets are differentiable on the basis of brand, size, features, storage size, etc. There are almost more than 35 brands of tablets present in the market; within three sizes; five types of operating systems; six features variation parameters and four storage sizes. Apple has been in competition with Samsung’s Galaxy, Google’s Nexus and Amazon’s Kindle Fire. The market has been gradually sharing the Apple’s market share pie to Samsung’s broader variation offering as and to Amazon’s reasonable offe ring. Apple has been dominating the market with its high price; Apple Mini iPad launched at a price of $499.00 in the US whereas the analysts presented an estimate of the material bill for Apple Mini iPad to be $188.00; gross profit of $ 311.00 or 62% per unit. Whereas Amazon is offering its latest Fire Kindle for $ 199.00 while latest Samsung Galaxy Tablet is offered with a price of $ 358.00 and Asus Google Nexus tablet is being offered for $267.36. Further, Asus Transformer tablet version is also charging the price of $.499.99; 0.99 cents higher than iPad mini.... e has been dominating market with its high price; for instance, Apple Mini iPad launched at price of $499.00 in US whereas the analysts presented an estimate of material bill for Apple Mini iPad to be $188.00; gross profit of $ 311.00 or 62% per unit. Whereas Amazon is offering its latest Fire Kindle for $ 199.00 while latest Samsung Galaxy Tablet is offered with price of $ 358.00 and Asus Google Nexus tablet is being offered for $267.36 (Bradshaw, 2012; Osawa, 2012 ;PC World, 2013). Further, Asus Transformer tablet version is also charging price of $.499.99; 0.99 cents higher than iPad mini. Prices range for tablet has been from $.79.72 offered by Pan digital  R70D256 1 GB Wi-Fi White E-Reader to $.3199.99 offered by Motion Computing  (HP3C4A3C3C3B2A).   Despite huge variation, various website rate iPad as the first choice and while on second place suggestions are made on the basis of various aspects as shown in the Figure 3. Comprehensive comparison of the iPad’s two c loses competitors is as shown in Figure 4 in the appendix. Analysts have been largely favoring Apple iPad over rivals and associate the presence of competition to Apple’s high price weakness (Dolcourt, 2012). While Apple Inc considers price of Apple iPad mini justified in light of the popularity of the earlier original version of iPad despite its huge price (Westaway, 2012). Moreover, nurturing the debate over price factor, critics also hold opinion that Apple’s price is dominant factor of its strategy to keep product as luxury while superior product and mass market are mutually exclusive factors. Further, despite its most debated high price, it is within capacity of sizeable population (Cox, 2013). Another factor that supports the high priced iPad over other competitors is the fact that over 91%

Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Summary Industrial Organization Essay Example for Free

Summary Industrial Organization Essay A perfectly competitive industry has 6 main characteristics: 1) large number of buyers and sellers 2) producers and consumers have perfect knowledge 3) the products sold by firms are identical 4) firms act independently and aim at maximizing profits 5) no entry or exit barriers 6) firms can sell as much output as they want at the current market price NEOCALSSICAL THEORY: Static conception, focus on long-run According to Schumpeter and the Austrian School, the fact that a firm earns an abnormal profit (monopoly) profit does not constitute evidence that the firm is guilty of abusing its market(monopoly) power at the expense of consumer: entrepreneur, creative destruction monopoly status is only a temporary phenomenon competition is a dynamic process Disequilibrium reflects imperfect information or ignorance on the part of buyers and sellers!! Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) Paradigm Structure is the central element. It influences conduct which in turn has an effect on the performance STRUCTURE Number and size of firms, entry conditions, product differentiation, vertical integration, diversification; fixed int he short-run CONDUCT Business objectives, pricing, design and branding, advertising and marketing, RD, collusion, merger; refers to the behaviour of a firm PERFORMANCE Profitability, growth, quality of products and services, technological service, productive and allocative efficiency; Chicago School about abnormal profit: causes may be cost advantage and superior efficiency STUDY CASE: EUROPEAN BANKING To prevent from damaging implications for consumer welfare, there can be interventions of the government. The government policy is regulatory intervention to promote competition and prevent abuses of market power preventing a horizontal merger, break up of a large incumbent producer price controls, punishment of unlawful collusions The Chicago School is a group of prominent academic lawyers and economists, whose promarket, pro-competition and anti-government views were perhaps of their most influencial during the 1970’s and 80’s Critics of the SCP Paradigm the theory does not always specify precise relationships between S, C, P variables it is often difficult to decide which variables belong to which category performance is only some measure of the degree of success in achieving desired goals the definition of market or industry structure has a number of dimensions danger of overemphasizing the role of concentration little comprehensive information is available on more subtle aspects of market structure and essentially no systematic data aside from accounting profit rates is available on conduct and performance relationships are oftein quite weak in terms of statistical significance no explanation is offered as to the evolution of the market structure variables, and the influence of the current co nduct and performance on future structure according to the collusion hypothesis, a positive association between concentration and profitability was interpreted as evidence of collusion or other abuses of market power designed to enhance profit according to the efficiency hypothesis (Chicago), a positive relationship between concentration and profitability reflects a natural tendency for efficient firms to be successful and to become dominant in their industries Strategic management: 5 forces model 1) Extent and intensity of competition 2) Threat of entrants 3) Threat of substitute products and services 4) Power of buyers 5) Power of suppliers Porter’s approach: static, underemphasises the problem of uncertainty caused by change in the competitive environment, competitive advantage is measured by the value the firm is able to create in excess of its costs, Porter introduces the concept of the value chain, which disaggregates the firm into its strategically relevant activities: Primary activities (physical creation of produt/service), Support activities (support primary activities and each other) each activity is linked to another, this approach examines how these links can be improved in order to increase margins on each of the firm’s products Kay argues that each individual firm is inherently different, and therefore dismisses the notion of generic strategies. Instead, firms develop distinctive capabilities in an ettempt to achieve competitive advantage. This shift away from analyzing the characteristics of the environment, and towards examining each firm’s unique attributes strategies mirrors the shift of emphasis away from structure and towards conduct that is imlicit in much of the NIO literature. Sources of distinctive capabilities: Innovation, architecture, reputation determinants of performance Firms can only maintain a competitive advantage if they can protect their strategies from imitation The strategic management approach has been criticized for placing insufficient emphasis on the interaction between firms at the level of the market or industry. Instead, the focus is mainly on strategic options available to the firm. †¢ Chapter 2: Microeconomic foundations: The short-run relationships between inputs, outputs and production cost is governed by the law of diminishing returns, and the long-run relation is governed by economies or diseconomies of scale!! The Production Function: q=f(L,K) inthe short run labor is variable but capital is fixed!!! Law of Diminishing Returns: As increasing quantities of labor are used in conjunction with a fixed quantity of capital, eventually the additional contribution that each successive unit of labor makes to total output starts to decline Marginal Product of Labor (MPL): It is the qunatity of additional output the firm obtains by employing an additional worker. Average Product of Labor (APL): It is the ratio of total output to quantity of labor employed. It is important to notice that APL is increasing whenever MPLAPL and APL is decreasing when MPL2f(L,K) f(2L,2K)=2f(L,K) f(2L,2K)1 price elastic sensitive quantity PED =1 unit price elasticity PED 0 for substitutes, 2: more weight to larger firms if for above average performers. †¢ Business unit effects form low performers o The new empirical industrial organization. The new empirical industrial organization shifts the focus from structures analysis to conduct analysis. It is grounded firmly in microeconomic (oligopoly) theory. NeIO makes direct observations of conduct in specific industries, and draws inferences about what these observed patters of conduct might mean for structure. The Rosse-Panzar revenue test is based on empirical observation of the impact on firm-level revenues of variations in the prices of the factors of production that are used as inputs in the production processes of a group of competing firms. The H-statistic is defined as sum of elastic ties if a firm’s total revenue w.r.t. each of its factor input prices. It differs under perfectly competitive, imperfectly competitive and monopolistic market conditions. See page 336 for graphs. If H = 1 conduct perfect competition If H O conduct monopoly If 0 H 1 conduct imperfect competition Empirical evidence: †¢ Commonly, price-setting behaviour in accordance with intermediate competition models is detected. Limits: †¢ Offers a determination of only what the market structure of degree of monopoly is not, and does not suggest what it is. o The persistence of profit Persistence of profit approach examines the time-series behaviour of firm-level profit dates. It suggest: profitability in more profitable industries tends to fall and profitability in less profitable industries tends to rise. tendency for profit rates to converge. supports the disequilibrium hypothesis. Firm level studies suggest there are significant differences between firms in long run equilibrium profit rates, and differences in the speed of convergence. Industry level studies: †¢ If current profitability is higher than expected, entry should take place causing profitability to fall and v. v. the empirical results suggest the process of adjustment towards l.r. equilibrium takes about four years. Industry level variables such as entry barriers, concentration and growth in demand determine the speed of adjustment. There is evidence of a tendency for profitability to persist, especially in highly concentrated industries. †¢ Firm level studies: o If competition is anything less then perfect, and there are barriers to entry, it may take some time for any abnormal profit to be eroded. s.r. profit persistence. o L.r. profit persistence: where there are barriers to entry, there no convergence of firm level rates towards a common l.r. average value. If some firms posses and are able to retain specialized knowledge or other advantage, theses firms may be able to earn profits that remain above the norm persistently, in the long run. o L.r. persistence refers to the degree of variation between firms in the l.r. average profit rates no convergence (empirical result) Part 3: analysis of firm strategy: †¢ Chapter 10: Pricing: o Critic of neoclassical theory: do firms have enough information to apply the profit maximization rule MR = MC? o Cost plus pricing Under cost plus pricing, the firm calculates or simply estimates its AVC and then sets it price by adding on a percentage mark-up that includes a contribution towards the firm’s fixed costs and a profit margin. P = (1+m)AVC This is simple to understand and can be implemented using less information. AVC is relatively flat over a relevant range of output levels; minor variations in the level of demand need not lead to changes in price. So it reduces consumer’s search costs and also reduces destructive price competition. The mark up determination appeals to a sense of fairness. Otherwise it is not simply implemented for a multiproduct firm. The wide-spread use of cost plus pricing might suggest it as a convenient rule of thumb form firms that are really profit maximizers- cost plus pricing is equivalent to profit maximization pricing if AVC is approximately constant, and the mark up is set to a value of 1/(PED/1). Research showed that firms where more profit oriented where competition was more intense and also large firms turned out to be more likely profit maximizing. o Price discrimination A firm that enjoys some degree of market power might consider adopting a more complex pricing policy, for example to sell at different prices to different consumers. First degree price discrimination: †¢ Perfect price discrimination involves making the price per unit of output depend on the identity of the purchaser and on the number of unit purchased. Second degree price discrimination: †¢ Involves making the price per unit of output depend on the number of units purchased. Third degree price discrimination: †¢ Involves making the price per unit depend on the identity of the purchase. The term dumping describes the practice of charging a lower price to consumers in poorer countries than to charge in richer countries. Two conditions: †¢ Some degree of market power and the market has to be divisible into sub-markets different demand conditions, no trade or resale, significant transport costs can also help to achieve an effective physical separation of sub-markets. First degree: †¢ Each consumer’s reservation price is the max. price the consumer is willing to pay. The monopolist can exploit the differences in willingness to pay by charging each consumer high or her own reservation price. It is worthwhile for the monopolist to supply all consumers whose reservation price exceeds the monopolists marginal costs. It is also possible that if reductions in the prices of further units are offered, that the consumer is induced to buy three, four †¦ units. Another way to abtain surplus is to charge a two-part tariff: uniform additional price + fixed fee. In this form of pr. Discr. Producers earn an abnormal profit, there is no CS and there is no DWL. It is known as perfect price discrimination because all the available surplus is extracted by monopolists. †¢ Page 360 Second degree: †¢ In the case where the monopolist cannot distinguish between consumer, the best policy is to offer the same menu of prices and quantities to all and allow the consumers to self select. †¢ Page 362 †¢ If the monopolist sets a fixed fee slightly lower than PCAF, and charging a uniform price per unit slightly higher than PC, he can gain additional PS †¢ With Pc + P the fixed fee is reduced from WXY to W. †¢ Here the producer cannot extract all of the surplus. So first degree price discrimination (perfect information about consumer preferences) is more profitable than second degree (imperfect information) Third degree: †¢ Here the price per unit that each consumer pays is constant, but the monopolist can segment the market by offering different prices to different consumers. Partial market segmentation is achieved through age, membership, gender, profession etc. †¢ The monopolist should select the price quantity combination for each sub-market at monopolistic output. †¢ One price will always be higher and the other price lower than the uniform monopoly price in the non discriminating case. Consumers in the sub market with the lower price have more CS and are always better off than in the non-discriminating case. †¢ Examples: o With intertemporal price discrimination, the supplier segments the market by the point in time at which the product is purchased by different groups of consumers. Each consumer is willing to make his purchase in one of the two periods. (page 369). But: Coase: consumers may learn that prices will be cut and wait with purchasing. o Brand labels: do not really represent pr. Discr. More products are different because of genuine product characteristics. o Loyalty discount: 2nd degree pr. Disc. o Coupons: some from but connected with effort o Stock clearance: some form o Free on board pricing same prices neglecting different costs in different areas. o Peak-load pricing Much of the theoretical literature on peak load pricing is based on an assumption of social welfare maximization. When a peak-load pricing problem exists, often capacity cannot be adjusted. Page 372 The optimal price for each period is the total marginal cost incurred through the installation of additional capacity and the additional production in both periods minus the price charged in the other period. The peak-period consumers, whose demand or willingness to pay is stronger are charged a higher price than the off-peak consumers. MC of installing additional capacity is lowered to B’. Chapter 11: Auctions: o Auction formats, and models of bidder valuation An auction is a market mechanism for converting bids from market participants into decisions concerning the allocation of resources and prices, though a specific set of rules. price formation under conditions of uncertainty, asymmetric information and interdependence. There are four basic auction formats providing the cornerstone for the economic theory of auctions. The English auction (ascending bid auction) involves the price being set initially low and then raised successively until a level is reached which only one bidder is willing to pay. The Dutch auction (descending bid auction) works in the opposite way. In the first price sealed bid auction, each bidder independently submits a single bid, without seeing the bids submitted by other bidders. The highest wins and pays. The second price sealed bid auction (vickrey auction) works similar as the first prices sealed bid auction, but here the highest bidder gets the item and pays a price equal to the second highest bid. Asymmetric information means that seller and buyers typically do not have perfect information concerning the distribution of bidders valuations of the item being auctioned. There are also two alternative assumptions: †¢ In the pure common value model, the item is a single, intrinsic value that is the same for all bidders, but nobody knows the true value. †¢ In the independent private values model, each bidder knows the true value of the item to himself personally. no single value †¢ The affiliated valuation model includes elements of both. o The pure common value model and the winner’s curse The winner’s curse appears to be a rather common feature of many auctions in which bidders valuations conform to the pure common value model. It is very likely that the winning bidder, with the highest private estimate has overvalued the item. The winning bidder is very likely to turn out to be a loser, in the sense of having overpaid the item. Two possible estimates of the true value: a) original private estimate unconditional. b) revised estimate (knowing other valuations) conditional. In order to avoid the winners curse, the sealed bid should be based on a revised estimate, conditional on the bidder’s original estimate being the highest estimate. In fact, in a first price sealed bid auction, it pays to submit a bid some distance below the bidders opinion as to the true value. o Optimal bidding strategies and revenue equivalence in the independent private values model. Assumptions: private values are randomly drawn from a uniform distribution. Risk neutrality of the bidders. The English auction: †¢ Withdraw as soon as the price equals or exceeds the private value. You gain a rent equal to the difference between private value and winning bid, or nothing. Second price sealed bid auction: †¢ A bidder’s optimal bidding strategy is to enter a bid equivalent to his or her own private value. By raising your bid, you can only lose, you cannot possibly gain. The rival’s bid determines the price you would have paid if you had bid your private value. Therefore by lowering your bid you have forfeited an opportunity to buy the item for less than your private value. †¢ English and second price auctions can be described as strategically equivalent when everybody behaves rationally. In the terminology of game theory it is in both cases a dominant strategy. First price sealed bid auction: †¢ It pays to submit a bid that is below your own private value. †¢ Page 396: o P(0) = 0 o P(B) is and increasing function of B. The higher the bid, the higher P(B) to win. o P(B) is a decreasing function of l. The higher the number of bidders, the lower P(B) to win. †¢ By reducing the submitted bid below BH =Vi, bidder i gains by committing to pay a lower price, but also loses by accepting a lower P(B) of winning. The position of the P(B) curve depends on the bidding strategies of the bidders. †¢ Nash equilibrium’s optimal bid: ((N-1)/N) * Vi †¢ As the number of N increases, the optimal bid approached the bidder’s private value. Dutch auction: †¢ Wait until the price has fallen a certain amount below the private value. gain a positive rent. By allowing the price to drop, you can only gain and you cannot lose. Bidder I should bid when the price reaches ((N-1)/N) * Vi. So, also the two last auctions types are strategically equivalent. The revenue equivalence theorem: †¢ All four auctions formats are expected to yield exactly the same price to seller on average. The seller is expected price is always the expected value or expectation of the second highest private value (page 399). Sellers expected proceeds: o E(V2) = (N-1)/(N+1) †¢ It is important to remember that the revenue equivalence theorem relies heavily on the independent private values assumption. Evidence is rather limited o Extensions and additional topics in auction theory. To ensure a certain price for the seller, he can introduce a rule that the item is not sold if the price payable by the winning bidder does not at least match (or exceed) a reserve price. It can be shown that it is optimal for the seller to set a reserve price that is higher than his own private value. Inefficient allocation of resources can be consistent with the maximization of the seller private proceeds. The optimal reserve price does not depend on the number of bidders. The price should not be too high, because then the item won’t be sold anymore. Risk averse bidders: †¢ In an English auction, risk aversion makes no difference to the optimal bidding strategy. In a Dutch auction, in contrast, risk aversion causes the bidder to call out earlier. Therefore the revenue equivalence theorem breaks down if bidders are risk averse (Dutch auction yields higher profit for the seller). In a second price auction, risk aversion causes nothing to change. In a first price sealed bid auction, risk averse bidders tend to bid closer to their private values than risk neutral bidders theorem brakes down again. †¢

Monday, January 20, 2020

Air Pollution in Mexico City Essay examples -- Environment Polluted Es

Air Pollution in Mexico City Mexico City adds an estimated one million new residents each year, resulting in one million new aggravates to the city’s already abominable air quality (Collins, 119). Over the span of a generation, Mexico City’s air has gone from being one of the world’s cleanest to one of the world’s most polluted, as well as the most polluted in its country. The average visibility in the city is down from almost 100 km in the 1940s to only 1.5 km today, removing the once beautiful landscape of the surrounding snow-capped volcanoes (Yip, 1). More significantly, however, Mexico City’s air problems have resulted in a notable decrease in the health of its residents, particularly its children. There are a variety of reasons for the decline in air quality, including factory emissions, suspended particles, vehicles, as well as problematic geographic hindrances. Fortunately, Mexico City is doing a lot in response to the problem, including vehicle control, mas s transit improvements, required industry emission reductions, and an investing in research and education programs. Regardless of these actions, however, Mexico City’s air is still significantly affecting the quality of life for its residents, and the city must continue to make changes in order for real progress to occur. Vehicles are responsible for up to eighty percent of air pollution in Mexico. There are close to four million automobiles, buses, and trucks in the city, the average of which is ten years old, and thus in poor repair with ineffective emission controls. Emissions are increased by the excessive traffic compressed into narrow streets with few parking spaces, requiring low-speed cruising (Collins, 125). Even new engines oft... ...ificant goals set for measured air quality improvements, so while their future is not yet clear, it is at least a little less smoggy. Works Cited Collins, Charles, and Steven Scott. "Air Pollution in the Valley of Mexico." Geographical Review 83 (1993): 119-133. Hibler, Michelle. "Taking Control of Air Pollution in Mexico City." International Development Research Center. 12 Aug. 2003. . Loomis, Dana, Margarita Castillejos, Diane Gold, William McDonnell, and Victor Borja-Aburto. "Air Pollution in the Valley of Mexico." Epidemiology 10 (1999): 118-123. "Mexico City Air Hurting Children." Health and Energy. 11 Mar. 1998. . Yip, Maricela, and Pierre Maldl. "Air Pollution in Mexico City." 14 Dec. 2002. University of Salzburg, Austria. .

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Plate tectonic press release

For many years people always called southern California Americas Promised Land because of Its beautiful weather, beaches and Its film industry. Now with 13 million habitants it's been looked at as hazard city. â€Å"Not only does the San Andrea Fault, marking the conservative margin between the Pacific and North American plates, cross Southern California, but LA was built across a myriad of transform faults† (â€Å"Case Study For Multiple Hazards; Los Angel's, California, Usa. , 1999). These Include the Santa Monica fault, the San Fernando fault, and the Northerner/Santa Barbara fault. Although the most violent earthquakes are predicted to occur along the San Andrea Fault, earth movements frequently occur along most of the lesser known faults. â€Å"The most recent of 11 earthquakes to affect LA since 1970 occurred in January 1994, focusing in the Northerner area It registered 6. On the Richter scale, lasted for 30 seconds, and was followed by aftershocks lasting several day s, The quake killed 60 people, injured several thousand, caused buildings and sections of freeway to collapse, Ignited fires following a gas leak and explosion In the Granddad Hills area, and left 500,000 homes without power and 200,000 homes thou water supplies† (â€Å"Case study For Multiple Hazards: Los Angel's, California, Usa. â€Å", 1999). There'd many reasons as too what causes the earthquakes and how they started.The earthquakes in California are caused by movements of huge blocks of the earth's crust known as the Pacific and North American plates. â€Å"The Pacific Plate is moving in the North West direction and is scraping pass North America at a rate of two Inches a year. About two-thirds of this movement occurs on the San Andrea Fault and some parallel faults- the San Action, Elisions, and Imperial faults† (â€Å"Southern California Earthquakes And Faults†, n. . ). Over time, these faults minor earthquakes.Let's talk about plate tectonics. There si x major plates and they are named after the continents that they are embedded in, such as North America, Africa, and Antarctic. The plates make out the outer shell of the earth called the lithosphere. â€Å"One way a mountain is formed is through convergent boundaries which is when plates serving land masses collide, the crust crumbles and buckles into mountain ranges† (â€Å"Plate Tectonics†, 1996-2014). Mountain ranges are also formed through divergent boundaries in the ocean. Magma from deep inside the earth's antler rises towards the surface and pushes apart two plates and mountains and volcanoes rise along the seam† (â€Å"Plate Tectonics†, 1996-2014). On January 17 1994 an earthquake rocks Los Angel's, California, ‘killing 54 people and causing billions of dollars in damages. The Northerner quake (named after the San Fernando Valley community near the epicenter) was one of the most damaging in U. S. History' (â€Å"Earthquake Rocks Los Angel's †, 2014). â€Å"According scientists using a new model to determine the probability of big quakes, California has more than a 99% chance of having a magnitude 6. r larger earthquake within the next 30 years† (â€Å"Earthquake Rocks Los Angel's†, 2014). How prepared are you for an earthquake? People with mobile homes and homes not attached to a foundation are at a much greater risk for damage. Buildings resting on unstable soil such as landfills are also at a much greater risk of damage. The Red Cross suggest that you: Become aware of fire evacuation and earthquake safety plans for all of the buildings you occupy regularly. Pick safe places in each room of your home, workplace and/or school.A safe place could be under a piece of furniture or against an interior wall way from windows, bookcases or tall furniture that could fall on you. Practice â€Å"drop, cover and hold on† in each safe place. If you do not have sturdy furniture to hold on to, sit on the fl oor next to an interior wall and cover your head and neck with your arms. Keep a flashlight and sturdy shoes by each person's bed in case the earthquake strikes in the middle of the night. Make sure your home is securely anchored to its foundation. Bolt and brace water heaters and gas appliances to wall studs. Bolt bookcases, china cabinets and other tall furniture to wall studs. Hang eave items, such as pictures and mirrors, away from beds, couches and anywhere people sleep or sit. Brace overhead light fixtures. Install strong latches or bolts on cabinets. Large or heavy items should be closest to the floor. Learn how to shut off the gas valves in your home and keep a wrench handy for that purpose. â€Å"(† Prepare For An Earthquake†, 2014) Now that you know all there is to know about earthquakes and how to protect yourself in them, you will better keep yourself protected from the dangers of them.

Saturday, January 4, 2020

In A Period Of Rebirth And Restoration Of Traditional...

In a period of rebirth and restoration of traditional speculation into something completely new, Filippo Brunelleschi flourished as an uplifting architect. He joined Romanesque conventions, with the advanced age Renaissance intuition to make another and characterized style of design. One of Brunelleschi s most powerful works, the Pazzi Chapel, plainly delineated Roman impact on engineering amid the Renaissance. The Pazzi Chapel general plan was impacted by Brunelleschi s investigation of building outlines in Rome, geometric designing, and elaborate components, for example, sections, the significance of light, and curves. The considerable planner of the Renaissance would live on being known as the man who restored Roman style in†¦show more content†¦ (Stokstad 606) Brunelleschi s failure at losing the baptistery commission may represent his choice to focus his gifts on design rather than model, however true fundamental life experiences is inadequate due to subtlety of his lif e. ( the extravagant artist kept on chiseling, yet design was the predominant string in his expert profession.) Considering this, it was unexplained Brunelleschi s sudden move from his preparation in the Gothic or medieval way to the new compositional style. Perhaps it was essentially motivated by his surroundings, since it was in this period (1402-1404) that Brunelleschi and his great companion and stone carver Donatello purportedly went by Rome to concentrate the old remains. Donatello, nine years Brunelleschi s lesser, had additionally prepared to be a goldsmith. After Brunelleschi’s preparation, he eventually worked in Lorenzo Ghiberti s studio. In times past, journalists and logicians had talked about the greatness and decay of old Rome, yet it appears that until Brunelleschi and Donatello made their journey, nobody had concentrated the physical nearness of Rome s remnants in detail. In spite of the fact that Donatello remained a stone worker, the outing appears to h ave profoundly affected Brunelleschi, and he turned firmly and convincingly to architecture over the next decade. Committed to Santa Maria del Fiore, â€Å"Lady of theShow MoreRelatedAnglo-Saxon Heroic Poetry5673 Words   |  23 PagesGermanic society. The traditional epics (also called primary epics or folk epics) were shaped by a literary artist from historical and legendary materials which had developed out of the oral traditions of his nation during a period of expansion and warfare. To this group are ascribed the Iliad and Odyssey of the Greek Homer, and the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf . The literary or secondary epics were composed by sophisticated craftsmen in deliberate imitation of the traditional form. 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