Shylock is an ambivalent portrait Essay Example

Shylock is an ambivalent portrait Essay Throughout The Merchant of Venice, Shylock is a character with a strong impact on the audience. The response of the audience changes throughout the play, varying from pity to dislike. His Jewish background and persecution provide a case for the audience liking the character and giving him pity, whereas his obsessions with money and his desire to kill Antonio gives the audience a bad impression. The influence he has on the audience has varied over the years, from the Elizabethan times when he first appeared, who saw persecution of Jews everyday, to the modern audience who will dislike characters who are prejudiced. Shylock first appears in Act 1 Scene 1. For the audience, first impressions are vital. His first line when Bassanio offers him the bond is Three Thousand ducats well (Act 1 Scene 3 Line 1). To any audience this gives the impression that he is very concerned about money, especially when he repeats three thousand ducats throughout the scene. Throughout the scene, there is a repetition of the word three, e. g. three thousand ducats, three months, three thousand ducats for three months etc. This repletion not only emphasises Shylocks obsession with money (as he is still pondering over the bond) but also shows how numerically Shylock thinks. The obsession with money is a key part of his character and the first thing that the audience noticed. Shakespeare himself was interested in money and usances himself, he invested much of his money into his theatre, and his knowledge of that subject is reflected in Shylocks character We also learn from this scene the intelligence of Shylock. As soon as Bassanio propositions him, he considers the offer in his mind, and realises how he can get revenge on Antonio, e. . Antonio shall become bound well (line 5). Later on in the scene, Shylock shows his intelligence once again, when he tries to be friendly to Antonio to try and make him sign the bond, e. g. I would be friends with you, and have your love (Line 133). Shylock is a shrewd businessman. He is careful not to lend money out to people who he doesnt know, or people that he knows w ill not pay him back, e. g. My meaning in saying that he is a good man, is to have you understand that he is sufficient (Lines 13-14). We will write a custom essay sample on Shylock is an ambivalent portrait specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shylock is an ambivalent portrait specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shylock is an ambivalent portrait specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He disguises his sinister bond as a joke in hoping to persuade Antonio to seal the bond, when he does he knows that he can kill Antonio if he does not repay him. Shylock stalls with Bassanio not giving him a definite answer until Antonio arrives, this is because he wants to see Antonio and talk to him about his sinister bond. His stalling also gives him time to think his plan through. Shylock, being an orthodox Jew has considerable knowledge of the Bible. In this scene he uses his knowledge to benefit himself. He tells Antonio the story of Uncle Labans sheep and Jacob to justify why he should collect Interest. His interpretation of the story is completely different from the Antonios. Antonio believes that he twists the story to benefit himself. Antonio detests Shylock, he considers him a dog, and he does not agree with Shylock charging interest, i. e. An evil soul producing holy witness is like a villain with a smiling cheek, a goodly apple rotten at the heart. Also In the Rialto you have rated me about my moneys and my usances. Still I have borne it with a patient shrug (Shylock). Much of an Elizabethan audience would have agreed with Antonio on this, as the majority of them would have been Christians. I hate him for he is a Christian illustrates the point that Shylock does not like any Christians. He hates Antonio especially, owing to the persecution he has received from him, e. g. You call me misbeliever, cut throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gaberdine. Fair sir, you spit on me Wednesday last, you spurned me such a day, another time you called me a dog, and for these courtesies Ill lend you thus much moneys? Shylock has obviously been persecuted due to his Jewish heritage, and this would make the modern audience feel sorry for him. Due to the amount of persecution he has received, Shylock often attracts our sympathies so much that the reader often thinks of how he suffers outside of the play. This shows how deep his suffering must be. Most of the Elizabethan audience would be accustomed to seeing this sort of persecution, but still may not feel that it is right. As a result of his persecution, Shylock hates all Christians, although he obviously has knowledge of the Christian bible, as the Old Testament is part of the Jewish scriptures, e. g. to smell pork, to eat of the habitation which your prophet the Nazarite conjured the devil into. Shylock also considers Antonio a fawning publican; he compares him to a Jewish tax collector. Antonio also lends out money, but does not charge interest, which annoys Shylock, e. g. If you repay me not on such a day, in such a place, such sum or sums as are expressed in the condition, let the forfeit be nominated for an equal pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken in which part of the body pleaseth me. This shows that Shylock seeks revenge, and in some ways gives the audience the impression that he is evil. In fact he is partially breaking the Ten Commandments, (Thou Shalt not Kill, which he would do if Antonio forfeits his bond. ) Antonio is one of the main persecutors of Shylock, but it may not be because of his Jewish heritage that Antonio persecutes him. In the opening scene, Antonio tells us that he is sad and does not know why. When his friend Bassanio asks him to get the bond from Shylock, he has no hesitance about risking his life for it. This, and his general actions to Bassanio might suggest that he is actually in love with Bassanio, but he cannot do anything about it, especially with Portia around. This would explain the intensity of their relationship, and why Antonio is depressed. As a result, Antonio takes it out on Shylock, someone he knows he can get away with persecuting. The Elizabethan audience would consider Shylock a typical Jew. Jews were expelled from the country in 1290, and when many returned in the fifteen hundreds, they only had a limited number of jobs that they could do. Many decided to lend money for interest, as they were allowed to, and Christians were not. As this was all they could do, many had to be very money-tight; to make sure they never lost any money. Jews were always persecuted; many of the Christians hated them for it was them who killed Jesus Christ. Therefore, so far Shylock would appear to be a typical Jewish moneylender, whom many of them would not particularly like due to his money lending and their hate of Christians. As The Merchant of Venice was written in 1596-1597, much of the first audiences would have been aware of the recent execution of another Jew, Rodrigo Lopez in 1594. For many years he was well respected as the Queens physician until the Earl of Essex ruined him. He was hanged for treason. Lopez may have had a strong influence on Shakespeares writing about Jews, e. g. how a prominent man can be ruined because of his Jewish heritage. In Act 2 Scene 1, Jessica, Shylocks daughter says our house is hell, showing the audience that she perhaps considers him a bad father and a bad man. His servant, Launcelot Gobbo also considers him a devil. The people that Shylock sees most often have said negative things about him, so the audience will judge that he is not that a nice person. In Act 2 Scene 5, Shylock is on his way to a supper with the Christians. He is only going to annoy them; this shows the audience that he is not considerate. Shylock says I did dream of money bags tonight which shows how much he cares about his money. He also ensures that his house and daughter are safe from those Christian Fools, before he leaves e. g. Lock up my doors, and when you hear the drum and the vile squealing of the wry-necked fife, clamber not you up to the casements then, not thrust your head into the street to gaze on Christian fools. He is very concerned about his money, but even more he is worried about his daughter seeing Christians, as he considers the Jews a tribe, and they need to marry within the tribe to keep it going, so he feels that she should marry a Jew, not a Christian. At the end of Act 2 Scene 6, Jessica not only leaves her father, but also takes many of his ducats with her and Lorenzo. Any audience would now give pity to Shylock as he has lost a daughter and a considerable sum of money. Jessicas last line before leaving is Farewell, and if my fortune be not crossed, I have a father, you a daughter lost. The audience would not only give pity, but also perhaps see Shylock as a poor father, more concerned about the welfare of the Jewish culture than the happiness of his daughter. In Scene 8, Salerio and Solanio discuss Shylock. We yet again see the Christian persecution of Shylock, i. e. Villain Jew, which would influence the audience. Solanio also overheard Shylock earlier on, after he discovered the desertification of his daughter, e. g. My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter! Fled with a Christian! O my Christian Ducats! From this it appears that Shylock is just as upset about his daughters betrayal as he is of the loss of his money, which again emphasises his obsession with money, and makes the audience think that he is not that caring of his daughter. He is so angry with her, he says she is dammed for it, but he still persists that she is completely different from the Christians there is more difference between thy flesh and hers than Jet and ivory. He still considers her a Jew who should not see Christians. The audience might see that he has a right to seek revenge after what Jessica did to her. In Act 3 Scene 1, we see Shylock giving reasons for why he should collect the forfeit if it is required, e. g. If it feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me and hindered me half a million. To the audience it would appear that Shylock is just bloodthirsty and cruel. An audience from an Elizabethan era would no doubt think that Jews were cruel anyway, as this was the prejudice that was around at the time. There were untrue stories of Jews being cruel, and of course stories from the bible such as King Herod (a Jew) killing all the babies in Bethlehem under two years. Certainly Jews have been played as cruel villains in other plays, such as Barabas, in The Jew of Malta by Christopher Marlowe, who was based upon Joseph, Duke of Naxos (who was not a Jew). So many of the audience would already assume that Shylock was cruel and bloodthirsty. The Jews are described as the cursed race in this story. Shakespeare was without a doubt influenced by Marlowes play; Barabas, the Jew has a daughter who turns Christian during the play, so it is obvious that Shylock and Jessica were adapted from this play. Shylocks speech about the forfeit in this scene begins with To bait Fish with, after Salerios question if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his flesh, whats that good for? Shylocks response to this question shows again that he is quick-witted and can retort to any comments he does not approve of. In Shylocks speech we hear again of his persecution, for example He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies, and whats his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? An audience would feel sorry Shylock at this point and perhaps agree that it is fair for him to collect his forfeit. Shylock points out that If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why revenge. Shylock points out that if he were a Christian and Antonio were a Jew, no one would have a problem with him collecting his forfeit. He illustrates the division between the rights of the Christians and the rights of the Jews. After this influential speech, much of the audience might agree with Shylock about his view of equality among Christians and Jews. The majority of an Elizabethan audience would still probably consider him evil due to the prejudice of the time. Shylocks image of being bloodthirsty reappears later on in the scene when his friend Tubal informs him of Antonios loss, and Shylocks response is I thank God, I thank God. Is it true, is it true? I thank thee good Tubal, good news, good news! Ha, ha! These lines would suggest that Shylock is cruel as he is so desperate for a chance to take the forfeit of off Antonio. This scene is the first scene in which we see another Jew, and at the end of the scene there is a reference to the local Synagogue. This tells everyone that the Jewish community has been well established, so this might a reason for the audience to feel less sorry for Shylock. Also the Jews must also have quite a bit of money if they have built their own Synagogue. In Act Three, Scene Three, Antonio has been arrested for not repaying the bond and is making one last plea to Shylock. Shylock is obsessed with revenge on his Christian persecutor, and will not forgive him or even listen to what Antonio has to say. All he wants is his bond, e. g. (Antonio) I pray thee hear me speak. (Shylock) Ill have my bond. I will not hear thee speak. Ill have my bond, and therefore speak no more. This scene once again emphasises to the audience the amount of murderous hatred that Shylock has, and also how difficult it is to change the law. Act Four Scene 1 sees the Duke of Venices first appearance. A good friend of Antonios, he describes Shylock as an inhuman wretch. Once again, the audience will be influenced by the feelings of another character. The rest of the characters see Shylock as an evil devil as he enters the courtroom. Much of the audience would not approve of him wanting to kill Antonio. Shylock retaliates to the remarks that he should not collect his bond, with his quick wittedness in the forms of another speech, in which he compares Antonio to a pig. In Antonios speech, he is still being racist against Shylock, saying a Jewish Heart; he does not once call him a man, always a Jew. Bassanio offers him six thousand ducats for the bond, but Shylock refuses. From what we already know about how greedy Shylock is about money, this seems very strange, showing how desperate he is to kill Antonio. Shylock gets more and more aggravated waiting for his bond to become legal, again showing how deep his wounds are from Antonio. Shylock calls Portia Daniel, referring to the Old Testament, where Daniel was a wise Judge. This again illustrates this knowledge of the bible, and how he considers this justice. Shylock shows no mercy and no forgiveness, which are two basic elements of Christianity; many of Antonios Christian friends expected Shylock to forgive Antonio. Shylock makes several powerful speeches throughout the play, the only character other than Portia to do so. He wins battles of words against Antonio many times, e. g. Signior Antonio, many a time and oft in the Rialto you have rated me about my money and my usances. Still I have borne it with a patient shrug (Act One Scene Three). Also in Act Three Scene 1, To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me . These speeches show that Shylock is quick witted, able to retaliate with words and quite intelligent. The Merchant of Venice could be more described as a romantic comedy than a tragedy. Therefore you would perhaps not expect not to see an evil villain in it. The audience may not be expecting an evil character, so may not consider him a villain, but more of a victim. In many plays, especially ones which have Jews featured, there was an evil character (e. g. The Jew of Malta), so, the audience would be accustomed to this, so may picture Shylock as that evil character. Throughout the play, Shylock is compared to both Antonio and Portia. Whereas Antonio is seen simply as a typical example of mankind (who goes through different stages of emotions), and Portia as Wisdom, Shylock is seen for a lot of the time as the Devil. Throughout the play, there are numerous references to Shylock and the Devil, e. . The devil can cite scripture for his own purposes (Act One, Scene Three), The Jew is the very devil incarnation (Act Two Scene Two), lest the devil cross my prayer, for here he comes in the likeness of a Jew. (Act Three Scene One) Shylocks response to Portia turning the case against him in Act Four Scene One is My deeds upon my head. This recalls the time when the Jews called for the execution of Christ, so this line again shows that he is a Christian hater. All of these references indicate to the audience that Shylock is similar to the devil, so many of them will accept his persecution and consider him a villain. This would have been the case especially in the Elizabethan era when all Jews were considered cruel. Throughout the years, Shylock has changed, in the way the actor portrays him and in the way the audience sees him. Up until the eighteenth century, he would have been seen as a slightly comical character, whose purpose is to be mocked. He then changed into the villain of the play, in one portrayal he was so sinister, grotesque and so ferocious a villain that after King George II watched it, he is reported to have had a sleepless night. He then was more portrayed as an injured man, followed by an outrageous father. Today a modern audience sees him as a persecuted man, who seeks revenge on those who wrong him. We also see him as a typical Jew, wanting to preserve his culture. Some people even consider him an Old Testament Prophet. In conclusion, Shylock appears to the audience as a tragic villain, a man who is obsessed with money, revenge on people who wrong him. There is a lot of emphasis on comparing him to the devil, which much of the audience would agree with. His persecution by the Christians gives him some pity but his humbling end leaves the impression of a broken man.

Embracing Alternative Medicine Essay Example

Embracing Alternative Medicine Essay Example Embracing Alternative Medicine Paper Embracing Alternative Medicine Paper more than 45,000 licensed chiropractors were practicing in the United States. Although chiropractic clearly has some disadvantages, its use of spinal manipulation has proved useful in treating acute low-back pain and other muscular and neurological problems. Studies have found that premature infants gain weight much faster after being massaged than babies in an unmassaged control group. Massaged infants cry less and are calmer than those who are only rocked. It is surprising that only now, in the late 1990s, we discover the fact that not only infants but also children and adults respond favorably to the human touch both emotionally and physically. I can say that when at the age of fifteen I started to have back-related problems (because of my sport’s activities), I was treated by many very well known physicians. Nothing seemed to help for a long time and eventually I got help from a chiropractic physician. Therefore I’m a big believer in this technique. In the conclusion I would like to say that we shouldn’t think of an alternative medicine as of panacea. It cannot and does not treat all the diseases, like any other medical technique. However, we should stay open-minded and we should know that there are other options rather that traditional western medical practice. Many times it’s a very good solution sometimes it’s not, but what is more important is that this knowledge and understanding should reach our physicians, those who treat us in the hospitals, those who sit in their offices and laugh at us if we tell them about untraditional medicine. They must be more open to the fact that in spite of their education and all the time and effort they invested in medicine, there are many things they can’t explain. Sometimes it’s not a bad idea to listen to other opinion. As for us, we should know our options and try to make the right choices.

5-Year Plans and Its Role in Russian History between 1924 and 1945 Essay

5-Year Plans and Its Role in Russian History between 1924 and 1945 - Essay Example A third Five Year Plan was also launched in 1938 to double the 1937 levels, however, this came to a premature end in 1941 when the Soviet Union entered the Second World War and the focus changed from industrialization and national growth to weapon production to support the Soviet military. In effect, the three Five Year plans brought holistic and comprehensive changes to Stalin's Russia which moved the former backward agrarian country to the class of dominant world powers. This paper examines important elements and components of the three Five Year Plans and their impact on Russian history between 1924 and 1945. Background The Five Year Plans of Stalin was a move from the backward peasantry that existed under the Tsarist regime to a modern industrialized nation under the new Communist regime (Sladkovski, 1966). The overthrow of the Tsarist regime in 1917 and the Russian Civil War led to the complete collapse of Russia's already backward systems. In 1921 when the Bolshevik consolidate d power, Lenin introduced War Communism where communes were filled with the concept of a proletariat state where the working class and commoners were to work for the betterment of the society without a bourgeois class who were seen as rich business owners who exploited the commoners. In his vision, the society was to remain classless and everyone was to work for the betterment of the society without being exploited, according to the Marxist theories. Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy to stimulate economic activity in trade, manufacture, and agriculture (Bonnell, 1999). The New Economic Policy of Lenin blended Capitalism with Socialism (Life Magazine, 1943). It permitted peasants to sell surplus foods on the open market (Life Magazine, 1943). After the death of Lenin in 1924, Stalin took over and one of the things he did was to abolish the New Economic Policy. Stalin's Motivation and Vision When Stalin took over power, he took drastic steps to reorganize the Soviet economy and social order. In doing this, Stalin built on some elements of Lenin's ideas and this include 1. A single party state 2. Single official ideology 3. Manipulation of legality and 4. Promoting state's economic dominance (Service, 2005). The plans were meant to consolidate important elements of the Soviet Union in order to attain the following ends. Stalin, therefore, used all the opportunities and power at his disposal to do so by launching the Five-Year Plans which created a framework within which the country strove to attain the four ends that were identified from the era of Lenin. By the era of 1929 and 1930, the Soviet Union was heavily reliant on technology from the United States and Germany (Jacobson, 1994). Russia needed structures to become self-dependent. In doing this, there was the need for the country to have the right structures. One of them was to be able to manufacture its own inputs in areas like steel production and in primary research.

Nursing Theorist Grid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Theorist Grid - Assignment Example Pender ____________ Description of Theory: The Health Promotion Model (HPM) is an integration of nursing and behavioral science perspectives on biopsychosocial factors influencing health behaviors (Batchu, S.R., 2009, 13). It attempts to delineate the nature of person interacting with the interpersonal and environmental influences. The Health Promotion Model is a framework for predicting health behaviors and the underlying factors and relationships which increases the likelihood of health-promoting behavior leading to improved health and quality of life. Theory’s Historical background:The Health Promotion Model originates from the expectancy-value theory and the social cognitive theory (Adams, Bowden, Humphrey & McAdams, 2000, 29). The Health Promotion model was originally proposed in 1982 to understand why individuals engaged themselves in health-seeking behaviors. It was refined in 1996 to describe the interaction between individual characteristics and past experiences with behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and was published in the third edition of the Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (Batchu, 2009, 14). ... rson which includes: the ability of the person to create conditions in which they can express their health potential; the ability of the person to be self-aware to assess their own competencies; the positive growth of individual in achieving balance between change and stability; the direction of one’s behavior; the person’s interaction with the environment and role in transformation; the role of health care providers as important part of the environment; and the importance of self-initiated changes between person and environment in behavior change (Batchu, 2009, 14). Pender’s assumptions of person is related to nursing practice as nurses considers physical, spiritual, psychological, and sociocultural aspects in the provision of holistic care. Nurses engage clients to health promoting activities and involve the totality of the person as it is applied in health promotion and improvement of client’s welfare rather than focusing only on disease prevention and cure of diseases. The Health Promotion Model is typically used in the nursing practice and is geared towards the five specific strategy targets such as smoking cessation, nutrition, independence from alcohol and drugs, physical fitness and exercise, and stress management (Laird, 1993, 13). The Health Promotion Model by Pender has been proven useful to college health nurses as they will become equipped with the concepts of mind, body, and spirit relationship(Laird, 1993, 21). Nursing educators will be able to developed the students’ abilities to handle different case scenario involving different aspects of care. For instance, students can promote health among smokers by considering first the physical, spiritual, psychological, and sociocultural dimension of the individual during assessment. The influence of

People aspects of capital investment decision making Essay

People aspects of capital investment decision making - Essay Example Though these techniques have successfully gained popularity as deciding tool, however, influence from the human element on decision making still maintains its dominance (paper). Managers of the firm themselves receive impact from their traits leading to influenced preferences in making decision. Among many reasons that advocate the acceptance of human element weight in investment decision, it is also for the fact that capital budgeting techniques has some unanswered queries. For instance, subjectivity of the discount rate used to discount the cash flows. It further states that the outcome of decisions based on capital budgeting techniques does not facilitate learning function as each situation is considered different. Successes or failure of decision from the usage of these techniques are also attributed to manager; and it is a manager who receives promotion (demotion) on success (failure) of project and not the techniques. Also these techniques are not easy to employee and are consi dered as complex procedures. Hence, mentioned ones and many other reasons lead to advocacy to systematically include human element factor in decision making criteria (Simon (1955, 1959), Margolis (1958), and Cyert and March (1963). This report provides the critical evaluation of capital budgeting technique with application on hypothetical project of construction and discusses the impact of various factors mainly managerial implication in results. In the second part, human impact of managerial attitude towards risk is discussed in detail. THE ALTERNATIVE ‘OBJECTIVE PROCESSES’ EVALUATION The alternative objective processes evaluation has been conducted with developing hypothetical example from construction sector. Example is a construction project of three storey building. Project has an initial cost of UK ?. 75, 192 and has been financed by 60% debt and 40% equity. Table 1 provides cash flow details with application of capital budgeting techniques. Details of estimated i nitial cost, revenues, expenses, and loan are provided in appendix. Result of each technique application is discussed under heading titled to technique. TABLE 1: Cash Flow       No. Of Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Working Capital ? 7,049 ? 7,593 ? 8,181 ? 8,814 ? 9,497 ? - Change in working -? 7,049 -? 545 -? 587 -? 633 -? 683 ? 9,497 Initial investment -? 75,193                Cash flow from Investing -? 75,193 ? 7,049 ? 7,593 ? 8,181 ? 8,814 ? 9,497                      Revenues ? - ? 64,721 ? 69,879 ? 75,449 ? 81,464 ? 87,959 Less: Total Expenses ? - ? 35,283 ? 37,609 ? 41,305 ? 44,888 ? 49,372 Cash From Operating ? - ? 29,438 ? 32,270 ? 34,144 ? 36,576 ? 38,587                      Cash Flow -? 75,193 ? 36,487 ? 39,864 ? 42,325 ? 45,390 ? 48,084 Interest Expense    ? 1,805 ? 1,471 ? 1,125 ? 765 ? 390 EBT    ? 34,682 ? 38,392 ? 41,200 ? 44,626 ? 47,694 Tax(0) ? - ? - ? - ? - ? - ? -                      Total Cash Flows(after Tax) -? 75,193 ? 34,682 ? 38,392 ? 41,200 ? 44,626 ? 47,694 R    ? 0.05 ? 0.05 ? 0.05 ? 0.05 ? 0.05 DCF -? 75,193 ? 33,031 ? 34,823 ? 35,590 ? 36,714 ? 37,370 PAYBACK PERIOD    -? 42,162 -? 7,339 ? 28,251       Based on the positive NPV, the project is suggested to be feasible to undertake. Moreover, evaluation of NPV and other

Introduction To What Is A Hammer Mill Engineering Essay

Introduction To What Is A Hammer Mill Engineering Essay It is a machine used to shred material into fine particles (size reduction). They have many sorts of applications in many industries, including: Milling grain, Ethanol plants (corn), Grinding used shipping pallets for mulch, Sawmills, size reduction of trim scrap and planer shavings into boiler fuel or mulch, A farm machine, which mills grain into coarse flour to be fed to livestock. Operation The principle of hammermill is straightforward. A hammermill is a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The hammers are free to swing on the ends of the cross, or fixed to the central rotor. The rotor is spun at a high speed inside the drum while material is fed into a feed hopper. The material is impacted by the hammer bars and is thereby shredded and expelled through screens in the drum of a selected size. Hammer mill apple shredder for juicing. Small grain hammermills are operated on household current. Large automobile shredders could use one or more 2000 horsepower (1.5 MW) diesel engines to power the hammermill. The Screenless hammer mill uses air flow to separate small particles from larger ones. It is designed to be more reliable, much cheaper more energy efficient than regular hammermills. In the feed processing process there may be a number of ingredients that require some form of processing. These include coarse cereal grains, corn that requires particle size reduction which will improve the ingredient performance increase the nutritive value. One of the methods to achieve this particle size reduction is using hammer-mills. Both hammering and rolling can achieve the desired result of achieving adequately ground ingredients, but other factors also need to be looked at before choosing the suitable method to grind. Excessive size reduction can lead to wasted electrical energy, unnecessary wear on mechanical equipment and possible digestive problems in livestock and poultry. For more in depth information regarding what actually occurs to the ingredients during size reduction please refer to this link: particle size reduction.    Mechanism of action: Hammer mills reduce the particle size of materials by impacting a slow moving target, such as a cereal grain, with a rapidly moving hammer. The target has low kinetic energy, whereas the hammer has high kinetic energy. The transfer of energy resulting from the collision fractures the grain into many pieces. Since impact is the primary force used in a Hammer mill to reduce the size of the particles, so, whatever increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target, increases the magnitude of the collision, would be an enhancer to particle size reduction. Particles produced using a hammermill are spherical in shape with a polished surface. A wide variation in the particle size distribution would occur where there will be some large-sized and many small-sized particles. Advantages: being to produce a wide range of particle sizes suitable for friable material and fiber easy to use lower cost when compared with a roller mill easy to maintain particles produced are spherical, with a surface that appears polished. Disadvantages: Less energy efficient than roller mill May generate heat so considered as a source of energy loss. Greater particle size variability (less uniform) Noisy generate dust pollution General Design The major components of these hammermills, include: A delivery device: used to introduce the material to be ground into the path of the hammers. A rotor comprised of a series of machined disks mounted on the horizontal shaft performs this task. Free-swinging hammers that are suspended from rods running parallel to the shaft and through the rotor disks. The hammers carry out the function of smashing the ingredients in order to reduce their particle size. A perforated screen and either gravity- or air-assisted removal of ground product. Acts to screen the particle size of the hammer mill to ensure particles meet a specified maximum mesh size. Feeder design Materials are introduced into the paths of the hammers by a variable speed vein feeder. This type of feeder can have its motor slaved by a programmable controller to the main drive motor of the hammer mill. The operational speed of the feeder is controlled to maintain optimum amperage loading of the main motor. Hammer design and configuration The design is determined by operating parameters such as rotor speed, motor horsepower, open area in the screen. Optimal hammer design provides maximum contact with the feed ingredient. Hammer mills in which the rotor speed is approximately 1,800 rpm, should be using hammers which are around 25cm (~ 10 inches) long, 6.35cm (~2.5 inches) wide, 6.4mm (0.25 inches) thick. A rotor speed of about 3,600 rpm, hammers should be 15 to 20 cm (~ 6-8 inches long, 5 cm (~ 2 inches) wide, 6.4 mm (0.25 inches) thick. The number of hammers used for a hammer mill of 1,800 rpm, should be 1 for every 2.5 to 3.5 horsepower, and for 3,600 rpm, one for every 1 to 2 horsepower. Hammers should be balanced on the rods so that they wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t trail one another. The distance between hammer and screen should be 12 to 14 mm (~ 1/2 inch) for size reduction of cereal grains. The velocity is important for proper size reduction. Tip speed is the speed of the hammer at its furthest edge(tip) from the rotor, and is calculated by : Range of tip speeds seen in hammermills is commonly in the range between 5,000 and 7,000 m/min (~ 16,000 and 23,000 feet per minute). When the tip speeds exceed 23,000 feet per minute, consideration must be given to the design of the hammer mill, the materials used, and the fabrication of components. Changing the rotational speed of the drive source is not a recommended method of increasing hammer speed in excess of 23,000 feet per minute. The primary force used in hammermill is the impact, which increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target provides an advantage in particle size reduction. The magnitude of the collision is increased by increasing the speed of the hammers. Screen Design The amount of open area in a hammer mill screen controls the particle size and grinding efficiency. The screen must be designed to provide the greatest amount of open area. Recommended ratio for grains would be 55 cm2 (~ 8-9 inches square) per horsepower (Bliss, 1990). The removal of sized material from a hammermill is a critical design feature. Proper output of material affects not only the efficiency of operation, but also particle size. When the correct ratio of screen area to horsepower is used and proper distance between hammers and screen face is maintained. Excessive size reduction is anti-productive. Energy is wasted in the heat production, throughput is restricted, resulting in the particles becoming too small. Most newer hammermills are equipped with an air-assist system that draws air into the hammer mill with the product to be ground. Systems are designed to provide reduced pressure on the exit side of the screen to disrupt the fluidized bed of material on the face of the screen, thus allowing particles to exit through screen holes. Some full circle hammer mills are designed so the screen is in two pieces. It is possible to use a larger hole size on the upward arc of the hammers to further reduce the amount of material on the face of the screen.    Hammer Mill Perforated Screens Hammer mills screens are used inside a hammer mill to seperate particle sizes. Particle of small diameter that has been grinded by the hammer mill passes through the screen and leaves the hammer mill with the aid of the pneumatic system. Application: Hammer Mills Uses and Advantages in Grinding Oil Seeds Other Materials Availability Hammer Mills are known as the best grinding machine for all kinds of material, besides oil seeds. A wide assortment of highly developed and advanced Hammer Mills / Disintegrators are available in the market today. They are fabricated to have a strong and sturdy body and are also available in different types, size, and capacities. These come with automatic controls, which makes the machines very easy to use. The number of hammers can also be customized as however the user requires it. Its use increases the output by a large quantity, thus saving more time and energy. Oil Seeds Grinding Grinding of seeds with Hammer Mills increases the quality level of the seeds. Some of the seeds that can be grinded and disintegrated using Hammer Mills are as follows: Cotton seeds Ground nuts Copra Soybeans, etc. Advantages of Using Hammer Mill in oil seed grinding: * Efficient grinding at the shortest time. * Time and Effort saving. * Less electricity power consumption. * Available in different capacities sizes. * Very low maintenance. Conclusion: Hammer Mill is the most common equipment used for the purpose of particle size reduction. It has wide scale of applications in grinding seeds, nuts, and beans and other materials for more industrial purposes. It has the advantage of High efficacy in the shortest time. Thus, considered time saving and less consuming for the human efforts. Beside the low energy consumption, high availability and ease of use and maintenance. It has some drawbacks the most important of which are energy loss, less uniform product and being noisy dust polluting. Its mechanism of action had been explained above in details that it acts to reduce the size of the particles, so, whatever increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target, increases the magnitude of the collision, would be an enhancer to particle size reduction.

Increasing Hate Crime Awareness in the US Essay

Though latest report released last October 2006 by the US Department of Justice – FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program showed a decrease in total number of reported incidents, 7,163 in 2005 vs. 7,649 in 2004 (Hate Crime Statistics 2005), there has been an inversely growing awareness on this topic among various stakeholders – legislators, law enforcement officials, and the American public – such that term â€Å"hate crime† has become a part of everyday vernacular among Americans. Three factors contributed to this growing awareness. Firstly, the organizational initiatives, normally the offended party group in order to protect their civil rights, are taking active roles, through their advocacy campaigns, support services and education programs. Prominent proponents, among others, are American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) for all Americans, Anti-Defamation League (ADL) for the Jewish, Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG), Massachusetts Office on Disability (MOD), La Alianza Hispana for the Latin-Hispanics and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for African-American group. Secondly, the Federal Government on its part, through the DA’s Office has a Civil Rights Unit composed of attorneys for education and intervention services, working in cooperation with victim-witness advocates. In addition, Governor’s Task Force on Hate Crime has its ‘Stop the Hate Website’ Campaign promoting awareness of hate crimes and providing resources for responding to and preventing such acts. Thirdly, concerned group initiatives, such as NGOs in the likes of Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) that combats hate, intolerance and discrimination through education programs and litigations, play an independent, third-party role in increasing hate crime awareness.

Teen Obesity

When I was a teenager I faced obesity myself. Going through high school was the hardest thing ever. I weighed over two hundred pounds and I was constantly getting bullied and made fun of. When I was at home all I did sit around watch TV, play video games, and eat constantly. I never thought of going outside and doing physical fitness. Well one day I was lying in my bed and I was thinking about what I was doing to myself and how one day I could possibly not be here anymore if I keep doing what I am doing. My senior year of high school was a big change in my life. I lost over seventy pounds and I felt great about myself. Teenage obesity is getting worse over the years in America. The growth rates of teen obesity increasing are stunning. The reasons why teens are becoming obese are because of less activity or inactivity, excess TV watching, and fast food restaurants. First cause of teen obesity is less activity or inactivity of teenagers. Teenagers are more likely to become obese if they do not perform any activity at all or they are not doing enough activity to burn off calories and carbohydrates that cause fat build up in the body. Many television studies show that teenagers who have television sets in their bedrooms tend to watch TV more which can lead to inactivity†. (Teenage Obesity pg. 1) In order to prevent teens from becoming obese they must stay involved in some type of activity like sports, running, walking, bike riding, swimming, and etc†¦ these activities must be done every day or at least five times a week. Also parents can be a big cause of teen obesity. The reason why is because lots of parents don’t care about their children doing activities. If parents were raised doing whatever they wanted to do then more than likely their children are going to be raised the same way. Some parents are suffering from obesity themselves so this shows that their children are looking at their parents as being lazy and the children think they can do the same thing which leads the children to inactivity. Second cause of teen obesity is excess TV watching. TV watching is the main cause of teen obesity. The reason being is because teens tend to get addicted to TV shows and video games which leads them to become couch potato’s. Couch potato’s are caused by teens who sit, immobile, watching a screen instead of playing sports. A second view ties TV watching to eating, either through a barrage of ads or because teens snack while watching†. (ScienceDaily Pg. 1) â€Å"25% shows that television watching causes teens to snack largely on junk food because of food commercials that intimidate teens†. (ScienceDaily Pg. 1) Teen agers that sit on the couch and watch TV for excess amounts of hours causes the body to build up excess fat because there is nothing being burned off. Not only is TV causing teens to be overweight but video games are another big factor in teen obesity. â€Å"Children with higher weight status spent moderate amounts of time playing electronic video games†. (ScienceDaily Pg. 1) Video games become so addicting to teens that right when they get home from school they head straight to the couch to play. This causes teens to become lazy and obese. Final cause of teen obesity is Fast food restaurants. Fast food restaurants are a leading cause to teenage obesity. The reason why is because teens have no clue what they are ordering or if what they are eating is healthy for you or not. Also lots of teens are lazy to eat something from home, so they head out to a fast food restaurant where they can eat a lot of food for cheap money. Parents are a big reason for this because when parents have to work during the day they get tired and when they get home there too lazy to cook anything for their children so they take them out to dinner for fast food because again it’s cheap. Fast food contains high saturated fats and calories. Fast foods are packed with high amounts of sugar, carbohydrates, oil etc. Even small amount of fast food can increase your calorie intake considerably. †(YgoY Pg. 1) All of these lead to obesity. Another reason that fast food causes teens to be obese is because it is very addicting. It’s addicting because of the taste, advertisements, and it’s cheap to buy. â€Å"According to research, teenagers who eat fast food two times a week their obesity risk increases by 50%†. YgoY Pg. 1) Fast food eating leads teens from eating fruits and vegetables because of the addiction to the taste of fast food which cause obesity to rise in teens. In conclusion teen obesity is rising every year in America. The only way to stop this from rising is on the parents and on how they should raise their kids and to show them the right way not the wrong. I main causes of teen obesity are inactivity or less activity, excess TV watching, and fast food restaurants.

20 Synonyms for Type

20 Synonyms for Type 20 Synonyms for â€Å"Type† 20 Synonyms for â€Å"Type† By Mark Nichol Which type of word is suitable for referring to a type of person, place, or thing? Type will do, but plenty of alternatives, some with distinct and vivid connotations, are available. Here is a list of synonyms for type with connotations and sample sentences. 1. Bent: From the sense of â€Å"inclination,† this word has developed a figurative meaning closer to â€Å"bias† or â€Å"talent† but is also suitable as a substitute for type: â€Å"People of that bent will be bored here.† 2. Breed: Besides the functional use of this term to refer to types of animals within a single species, it may also be used figuratively to refer to someone with a previously described or implicit set of qualities: â€Å"Sadly, a person of that breed is hard to find these days.† 3. Character: This word applies in references to a person’s qualities or traits: â€Å"A man of that character will go far in this world.† 4. Class: Class is a general word for a grouping based on a predetermined set of characteristics, either rigorously or loosely applied: â€Å"As expected, the expert-class competition drew the largest audience†; â€Å"These are first-class accommodations.† However, it may also apply in discussions of socioeconomic level or quality of character: â€Å"Someone of that class probably wouldn’t appreciate it anyway.† 5. Description: This word usually applies to references to physical appearance: â€Å"Someone of that description was seen loitering downtown yesterday.† 6. Feather: Among many connotations for feather is the figurative expression â€Å"Birds of a feather flock together,† and it is in a related sense that the word is occasionally used as a synonym for type: â€Å"I need an accountant, or someone of that feather, to help me with my finances.† 7. Genre: Genre is confined to references to types of creative endeavors: â€Å"That genre of music is well past its heyday.† 8. Grade: This term is used in evaluative contexts: â€Å"We sell only the best grade of diamonds and fine jewelry.† 9. Ilk: Ilk originally had a specific genealogical sense, but this connotation relaxed to the point that the phrase â€Å"of that ilk† is synonymous with â€Å"of that type†: â€Å"Others of that ilk populated the vicinity.† 10. Kidney: This rare synonym for type suggests a reference to someone’s temperament: â€Å"If he’s of that kidney, he’ll be able to take the stress.† 11. Kind: Kind is the most likely synonym for type: â€Å"I never said anything of the kind†; â€Å"That kind of attitude will get you nowhere.† 12. Like: Among various uses of like as a noun, it means â€Å"people of that type†: â€Å"She and her like are up to no good.† 13. Lot: This word is often used in a derogatory reference to a group: â€Å"You don’t want to hang around with that lot.† 14. Manner: This word is employed in the sense of â€Å"style† or â€Å"approach†: â€Å"Her manner of speaking is grating.† 15. Nature: Nature, as a synonym for type, refers to a person or animal exhibiting certain characteristics: â€Å"A person of that nature isn’t to be trusted.† 16. Persuasion: In addition to its primary sense regarding inducement, persuasion is employed to refer to a personality trait or a lifestyle choice: â€Å"Someone of the politically correct persuasion would say something like that.† 17. Rank: This word for a type that denotes attainment of a grade or level of achievement also has a figurative sense: â€Å"He’s a gentleman of the first rank.† 18. Set: Set applies formally to any grouping on the basis of selected criteria, but it also connotes association with a certain type of people: â€Å"He likes to hang out with the smart set.† 19. Strain: This synonym for type suggests a fine distinction or an idiosyncrasy: â€Å"Our conversations were of a surreal strain.† 20. Stripe: This idiomatic synonym for type may derive from the use of stripes and other insignia to distinguish adherents of one member of the nobility from another. The sense persists in occasional modern usage: â€Å"Anyone of his political stripe would agree.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with Heart11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing20 Ways to Laugh

Fundamental Physical Constants in Physics

Fundamental Physical Constants in Physics Physics is described in the language of mathematics, and the equations of this language make use of a wide array of physical constants. In a very real sense, the values of these physical constants define our reality. A universe in which they were different would be radically altered from the one that we actually inhabit. The constants are generally arrived at by observation, either directly (as when one measures the charge of an electron or the speed of light) or by describing a relationship that is measurable and then deriving the value of the constant (as in the case of the gravitational constant). This listing is of significant physical constants, along with some commentary on when they are used, is not at all exhaustive, but should be helpful in trying to understand how to think about these physical concepts. It should also be noted that these constants are all sometimes written in different units, so if you find another value that isnt exactly the same as this one, it may be that it has been converted into another set of units. Speed of Light Even before Albert Einstein came along, physicist James Clerk Maxwell had described the speed of light in free space in his famous Maxwells equations describing electromagnetic fields. As Albert Einstein developed his theory of relativity, the speed of light took on relevance as a constant underlying important elements of the physical structure of reality. c 2.99792458 x 108  meters per second   Charge of Electron Our modern world runs on electricity, and the electrical charge of an electron is the most fundamental unit when talking about the behavior of electricity or electromagnetism. e 1.602177 x 10-19 C Gravitational Constant The gravitational constant was developed as part of the law of gravity developed by Sir Isaac Newton. The measurement of the gravitational constant is a common experiment conducted by introductory physics students, by measuring the gravitational attraction between two objects. G 6.67259 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 Plancks Constant The physicist Max Planck began the entire field of quantum physics by explaining the solution to the ultraviolet catastrophe in exploring blackbody radiation problem. In doing so, he defined a constant that became known as Plancks constant, which continued to show up across various applications throughout the quantum physics revolution. h 6.6260755 x 10-34 J s Avogadros Number This constant is used much more actively in chemistry than in physics, but it relates the number of molecules that are contained in one mole of a substance. NA 6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol Gas Constant This is a constant that shows up in a lot of equations related to the behavior of gases, such as the Ideal Gas Law as part of the  kinetic theory of gases. R 8.314510 J/mol K Boltzmanns Constant Named after Ludwig Boltzmann, this is used to relate the energy of a particle to the temperature of a gas. It is the ratio of the gas constant R to Avogadros number NA: k   R / NA 1.38066 x 10-23  J/K Particle Masses The universe is made up of particles, and the masses of those particles also show up in a lot of different places throughout the study of physics. Though there are a lot more fundamental particles than just these three, theyre the most relevant physical constants that youll come across: Electron mass me 9.10939 x 10-31 kg   Neutron mass mn 1.67262 x 10-27 kg   Proton mass   mp 1.67492 x 10-27 kg   Permittivity of Free Space This is a physical constant that represents the ability of a classical vacuum to permit electric field lines. It is also known as epsilon naught. ÃŽ µ0 8.854 x 10-12 C2/N m2 Coulombs Constant The permittivity of free space is then used to determine Coulombs constant, which is a key feature of Coulombs equation that governs the force created by interacting electrical charges. k 1/(4πΠµ0) 8.987 x 109 N m2/C2 Permeability of Free Space This constant is similar to the permittivity of free space, but relates to the magnetic field lines permitted in a classical vacuum, and comes into play in Amperes law describing the force of magnetic fields: ÃŽ ¼0 4 Ï€ x 10-7 Wb/A m

Hi Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hi - Assignment Example However, this does not support the argument that love is merely an addiction. The philosophical definition is that love is basically an intimate relationship which is based on honesty and sharing. On the other hand, any addiction is contrary to this intimacy involved in love. An addiction basically nullifies the possibility of knowing oneself. In other terms, an addict will not be in a position to know himself or herself. Without knowing oneself true love is impossible. Thus true love is not an addiction. Studies have suggested peculiar nuero transmissions in ventral pigmental area and Protrate Nucleus of the brains of lovers where Dopomine is produced. This hormone and its effects is related with the past experiences and present environment. This is where taking your loved one for a date in a park or to any place with appropriate ambience influences the relationship. The nuero transmissions are affected by these interactions causing the brain to respond accordingly. However, if these hormones act so that one losses one’s sense of identity and personal power, it turns to be love addiction. The responses that regulate the nuero transmissions will determine whether love turns to addiction. In other words, factors like taking your loved one for an exciting date would act as the external catalysts for these nuero

Liberal Arts Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Liberal Arts Studies - Essay Example They would also need to possess knowledge and reason that rules over their other baser desires such as obtaining food, money, and pleasure. Furthermore, they need to understand what makes for a good life and what makes for a bad one. Plato does believe that all leadership comes from moral authority, or virtue, as he would describe it. Virtue comes from â€Å"consuming† things that are good for the soul. One who consumes things that are bad for the soul will eventually become unjust and be unfit to rule. Therefore, those who consume virtue and practice virtuous habits are the most fit to rule. While some may feel that this is an old fashioned view of authority, Plato would argue that people who believe this way are merely ignorant and therefore they see being unjust as a way (and perhaps the only way) to get ahead in life. Plato’s definition of â€Å"guardians† relates to modern professionals in a significant way. In a society, professionals are given the authority to govern or manage in their particular field. Therefore, it is important that these professionals are taught and trained in philosophy as well as in technical aspects of their profession. If guardians (managers) are virtuous and just, it will lead to a better and happier society for